Brooklyn College
City University of New York

Lecture Outline

Biology 4 section FV

Who, What, When, Where and Why

• general course information
• course objectives
• information

1] Forces That Determine The Shapes And Interactions of Biological Molecules

• Covalent Bonds;
• Hydrogen Bonds;
• Ionic Bonds;
• hydrophilic substance
• Hydrophobic Interactions;
• van der Waals interactions;
• Test Yourself

2] Structures and Properties of Biological Molecules

• Proteins;
• Carbohydrates;
• Lipids;
• Nucleic Acids;

3] Cell Membranes

• membranes of the cell
• Structure of Membranes;

  How substances cross membranes

• Simple Diffusion and Facilitated Diffusion;
• osmosis
• Active Transport;
• Cotransport;
• Endocytosis and Exocytosis;

4] The Endomembrane System and Other Intracellular Membrane Bounded Structures

• Rough and Smooth Endoplasmic Recticulum;
• Transport Vesicles;
• Golgi Apparatus;
• Lysosomes;
• Peroxisomes
• Microbodies;
• vacuoles
• proteosomes
• storage vesicle
• Mitochondria,
• Chloroplasts,

5] Cytoskeleton and Intercellular Connections

• Microtubules, Microfilaments and Intermediate Filaments;
• Tight Junctions, Gap Junctions and Plasmodesmata;
• Desomosmes;

6] Enzymes

• enzymes are composed of proteins or RNA
• What Enzymes Do and How They Do It;
• Ways of measuring the rates of enyzme reactions
• Modulators of Enzyme Activity;
• Effects of Cellular Environment on Enzymes;
• Coenzymes and Cofactors;

7] Metabolism

Overview of ATP production

• Structure of Mitochondria and ATP;
• Glycolysis;
• Fermentation;
• Krebs Cycle;
• Chemiosmosis and Oxidative Phosphorylation.;
• potential macromolecular energy sources for oxidative phosphorylation
• Regulation of ATP production

8] Photosynthesis

overview

• Structure of Chloroplast;
• Light Dependent Reactions;
• light dependent reactions: summary
• Light Independent Reactions;
• C3 and C4 Plants;

9] Molecular Biology

Overview

• What is the genetic material
• inheritance of genetic material
• Structure of DNA and RNA;
• Transcription;
• Translation and the Genetic Code; summary
• Mutations;
• Differential Gene Expression;

10] Genetic Engineering

• Vectors and Restriction Enzymes;
• PCR and RFLP;
• Biological and Medical Consequences;

11] Viruses

• introduction and general virology ;
• virus structure
• animal viruses;

Lecture examinations

First Midterm-

• material covered: lecture topics 1 through 5;
• date of exam:
• sample questions

Second Midterm;

• material covered: lecture topics 6 through 8;
• date of exam: to be announced see information
• sample questions

Final Exam;

• material covered: lecture topics 9 through 11 and laboratory exercises 8 through 14;
• date of exam:
• sample questions