One verse form, dactylic hexameter,epos,
descends from Homer & Hesiod. It branches into modes that invite
analogies with the Three Cultural Folds that Homer incorporates
into the model of daily life on the Shield of Achilles
(Iliad 18). A three part division later develops also in reflection
on styles of speaking & writing, viz high style, low style & what
must be supposed to fall in between.
In
Homer, motifs of country life populate similes & other vignettes (e.g.
the Shield of Achilles or the accounts of the Cyclops' pastoral
life or the swineherd Eumaeus), while they become more central to Hesiod.
When
Theocritus shifts the focus of epos to the pastoral fringe (moving
from the city, camp, & field to the former margins), he selects only
three types of animals: cattle, sheep, & goats. Each has in reality
its distinctive qualities & requirements for pasture & care, which
allow the poet to stylize & to associate each with different inflections
in poetry & love.
To
this reductive version of epos, then, Virgil replies by reopening
the lines from the pastoral margins back towards the range of Hesiod &
Homer, not only the georgic middle ground but the distant plane of the
city, history, & war. Not by chance does Virgil in the first eclogue
evoke the disruption of the old civic status & rural order through
a protagonist, Meliboeus,
set by Virgil in a context underwritten by new myth, created in the story
of Tityrus' journey &
meeting with a god at Rome, a story tantamount to the etiology of a new
moment in the tradition of epos.