MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one
alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
1) Which one of the following
is a coarse-grained intrusive igneous rock similar to gray granite, but lacking
visible quartz crystals?
A) andesite
B) obsidian
C) basalt
D) peridotite
E) diorite
2) Which of the following
factors help determine whether a volcanic eruption will be violent or
relatively quiescent?
A) composition of the magma
B) amount of dissolved gas in the magma
C) temperature of the magma
D) all of these
E) only the amount of dissolved gas in the magma and the temperature of the
magma
3) The Hawaiian Islands are
associated with __________ volcanism.
A) intraplate
B) subduction zone
C) spreading center
D) geothermal
E) intercrustal
4) The best-known and most
important ore deposits are those that are produced from __________ solutions.
A) secondary
B) brine
C) potassium
D) carbonate
E) hydrothermal
5) A lens-shaped mass
emplaced in a near surface environment is termed a __________.
A) batholith
B) stock
C) sill
D) laccolith
E) dike
6) The largest igneous
intrusive body is called a __________.
A) batholith
B) sill
C) dike
D) stock
E) laccolith
7) The gradual rounding of
the corners and edges of angular blocks of rock is called __________.
A) frost wedging
B) sheeting
C) unloading
D) exfoliation
E) none of these
8) The positively charged
particles that compose atoms are called __________.
A) shells
B) protons
C) nuclei
D) electrons
E) neutrons
9) An atom that loses or
gains electrons is called a(n) __________.
A) ion
B) proton
C) isotope
D) neutrino
E) neutron
10) Which one of the following
is not related to chemical weathering?
A) hydrolysis
B) frost wedging
C) decomposition
D) solution
E) oxidation
11) The volcanic
(fine-grained) equivalent of granite is __________.
A) diorite
B) basalt
C) tuff
D) obsidian
E) rhyolite
12) Hawaiian rocks would be
expected to have __________.
A) a granitic composition
B) dark color
C) high silica content
D) textures such as aa and pahoehoe
13) The science of geology is
traditionally divided into two broad areasยนphysical geology and __________ geology.
A) oceanography
B) mineralogy
C) historical
D) tectonic
E) none of the above
14) The transfer of rock
material downslope under the influence of gravity is termed __________.
A) erosion
B) hydrolysis
C) weathering
D) exfoliation
E) mass wasting
15) Which one of the following
is NOT one of the solid Earth's principal units?
A) tropopause
B) core
C) crust
D) mantle
16) The slow cooling of magma
results in the formation of rather __________ mineral crystals.
A) odd-shaped
B) large
C) irregular
D) small
E) colorless
17) The left branch of Bowen's
reaction series is called a(n) __________ reaction series because each mineral
has a different crystalline structure.
A) continuous
B) changing
C) alternate
D) intermediate
E) discontinuous
18) If granite and basalt
outcropped in an area with a hot and humid climate, __________.
A) the granite would weather most rapidly
B) the basalt would weather most rapidly
C) both rocks would weather at the same rate
D) There is no way of knowing which rock type would weather most rapidly.
19) Which of the following is
NOT a characteristic of minerals?
A) definite chemical composition
B) either liquid or solid
C) formed by inorganic processes
D) a unique set of physical properties
E) possess a crystalline structure
20) Orbiting the central
region of an atom are negatively charged __________.
A) electrons
B) neutrons
C) protons
D) nuclei
21) Each element is defined by
the number of __________.
A) isotopes
B) neutrons
C) protons
D) atoms
E) nuclei
22) The global ocean accounts
for nearly __________ percent of Earth's surface.
A) 45
B) 33
C) 66
D) 86
E) 71
23) The most important factor
affecting the texture of an igneous rock is the __________ of the magma.
A) location
B) starting temperature
C) composition
D) final temperature
E) rate of cooling
24) The most violent volcanic
activity is associated with __________.
A) fissure eruptions
B) flood basalts
C) shield volcanoes
D) cinder cones
E) composite cones
25) Which of these factors
influence the type and rate of weathering?
A) presence of joints
B) mineral content
C) topography
D) climate
E) all of the above
26) The most abundant mineral
group in Earth's crust is __________.
A) sulfides
B) carbonates
C) silicates
D) halides
E) oxides
27) Rocks composed almost
entirely of ferromagnesian minerals are often referred to as __________.
A) glassy
B) clastic
C) felsic
D) ultramafic
E) granitic
28) Batholiths are typically
__________.
A) extrusive
B) smaller than other types of plutons
C) aphanitic
D) composed of basalt
E) associated with mountain systems
29) The tendency of minerals
to break along smooth flat surfaces is called __________.
A) streak
B) conchoidal
C) fracture
D) polyhedral
E) cleavage
30) The resistance of a
mineral to abrasion is known as __________.
A) cleavage
B) resistance
C) hardness
D) fracture
E) conchoidal
31) Temperatures generally
encountered during volcanic eruptions are approximately __________.
A) 100eC
B) 100,000eC
C) 10,000eC
D) 1000eC
E) 1,000,000eC
32) A scientific __________ is
a well tested and widely accepted view that scientists agree best explains
observable facts.
A) hypothesis
B) idea
C) supposition
D) theory
E) estimate
33) Which one of the following
intrusive structures is tabular and concordant?
A) batholith
B) dike
C) sill
D) laccolith
E) stock
34) On Mohs hardness scale,
which is the softest mineral?
A) calcite
B) feldspar
C) quartz
D) talc
E) apatite
35) According to Bowen's
reaction series, the first ferromagnesian mineral to crystallize from a typical
magma is __________.
A) biotite mica
B) olivine
C) quartz
D) orthoclase
E) pyroxene
36) Which one of the following
statements is true regarding volcanic bombs and blocks?
A) Bombs are found closer to the volcano than blocks.
B) Bombs often have a streamlined shape.
C) Bombs are larger than blocks.
D) Blocks are semi-molten when ejected.
37) The central region of an
atom is called the __________.
A) shell
B) neutron
C) nucleus
D) electron
E) proton
38) The regions where oceanic
crust is being consumed into Earth's interior are called __________ zones.
A) ridge
B) subduction
C) end
D) consumption
E) none of the above
39) Large, dome-shaped
volcanoes consisting primarily of basaltic lava flows are called __________.
A) shield volcano
B) cinder cone
C) composite cone
D) lava dome
E) volcanic neck
40) This type of volcano is
usually created when andesitic lavas are extruded.
A) shield volcano
B) cinder cone
C) composite cone
D) lava dome
E) volcanic neck
41) The definition of a
mineral includes words such as __________.
A) naturally occurring and crystalline
B) clastic and mafic
C) organic and solution
D) foliated and amorphous
E) none of the above
42) Cinder cones __________.
A) have very steep slopes
B) frequently occur in groups
C) consist largely of pyroclastics
D) are usually less than 300 meters (1000 feet) high
E) all of these
43) A scientific __________ is
a preliminary, untested explanation of a natural phenomenon.
A) theory
B) hypothesis
C) supposition
D) observation
E) guess
44) Igneous rocks which have
potassium feldspar and quartz as their primary components are said to have a(n)
__________ composition.
A) clastic
B) granitic
C) basaltic
D) porphyritic
E) mafic
45) Which one of the following
is NOT one of the four "spheres" that constitute our environment?
A) biosphere
B) lithosphere
C) atmosphere
D) hydrosphere
E) exosphere
46) __________ are the remains
or traces of prehistoric life.
A) Inclusions
B) Faults
C) Rocks
D) Fossils
E) Minerals
47) Bulbous masses associated
with volcanoes that extrude highly viscous material are called __________.
A) shield volcanoes
B) cinder cones
C) composite cones
D) lava domes
E) volcanic necks
48) Earth's __________
includes the crust and part of the upper mantle.
A) asthenosphere
B) mantle
C) core
D) lithosphere
E) none of the above
49) Igneous rocks that form at
the surface or as small masses within the upper crust possess a very
fine-grained texture called __________.
A) phaneritic
B) conchoidal
C) fragmental
D) aphanitic
E) porphyritic
50) Isotopes of the same
element differ in the number of __________.
A) ions
B) protons
C) electrons
D) neutrons
E) nuclei
51) In the upper crust, the
average temperature change with depth is thought to __________ per kilometer.
A) increase 3eC
B) increase 30eC
C) decrease 3eC
D) decrease 30eC
52) The process whereby ions
begin to arrange themselves into orderly patterns is called __________.
A) crystallization
B) solidification
C) packing
D) ionization
E) none of the above
53) Sheeting __________.
A) may produce an exfoliation dome
B) is commonly associated with large bodies of granite
C) creates concentric slabs of rock
D) is caused primarily by unloading
E) all of the above
54) The most abundant gas
associated with volcanic activity is __________.
A) carbon dioxide
B) water vapor
C) sulfur oxide
D) chlorine
E) nitrogen
55) __________ are the
spherical or elongated openings seen in many aphanitic rocks left by escaping
gas bubbles as magma solidifies.
A) Vesicles
B) Phenocrysts
C) Inclusions
D) Clasts
E) none of the above
56) The rocks in this region
are part of a batholith.
A) Yellowstone National Park
B) the Grand Tetons
C) Texas Panhandle
D) Yosemite National Park
E) Mt. Rainier
57) At which one of these
locations would frost wedging be most effective?
A) Amazon Basin of Brazil
B) Arctic coast of Alaska
C) Chicago, Illinois
D) Frost wedging should be equally effective at all of these sites.
58) The accepted age of Earth
is about __________ years.
A) 300 million
B) 4.5 billion
C) 6.4 million
D) 3.6 billion
E) 895 million
59) Rocks that consist of
unordered atoms are referred to as __________.
A) glass
B) fragmental
C) coarse-grained
D) volatile
E) none of the above
60) According to the plate
tectonics model, Earth's rigid outer shell is broken into large slabs called __________.
A) boundaries
B) ridges
C) divergent zones
D) plates
E) convergent zones
61) The most unreliable
(variable) diagnostic property of minerals such as quartz is __________.
A) crystal form
B) luster
C) hardness
D) color
E) specific gravity
62) The __________ is a hot,
weak zone that is capable of gradual flow located within Earth between the
depths of 100 and 350 kilometers.
A) mantle
B) lithosphere
C) crust
D) asthenosphere
E) core
63) A rock which has large
crystals embedded in a matrix of smaller crystals is said to have a(n)
__________ texture.
A) fragmental
B) glassy
C) aphanitic
D) phaneritic
E) none of the above
64) Chemical weathering would
be most effective __________.
A) in a warm, humid climate
B) in a warm, dry climate
C) in a cold, dry climate
D) equally in any kind of climate
65) A type of plate boundary
where plates grind past each other without either generating new crust or
consuming old crust is a(n) __________ fault boundary.
A) convergent
B) divergent
C) transform fault
D) reverse
E) parallel
66) Magma tends to rise toward
Earth's surface principally because __________.
A) water is an abundant constituent of magma
B) magma is a fluid
C) rocks become less dense when they melt
D) silica is abundant in magma
E) none of these
67) Which one of the following
is NOT one of the three classes of rocks?
A) amorphous
B) igneous
C) metamorphic
D) sedimentary
68) Which one of the following
is NOT a type of plate boundary?
A) transform fault
B) convergent
C) reverse
D) divergent
69) This region exhibits
extensive flood basalts.
A) Rocky Mountains
B) Mt. Rainier
C) Columbia Plateau
D) Yosemite National Park
E) Yellowstone National Park
70) Igneous rocks produced in
association with subduction zone volcanism generally are __________ in
composition.
A) ultramafic
B) basaltic
C) andesitic
D) both basaltic and ultramafic
71) A(n) __________ has a negative
charge and a very small mass.
A) nucleus
B) neutron
C) proton
D) electron
E) isotope
72) A region of extensive
pyroclastic flows is __________.
A) Hawaiian Islands
B) the Columbia Plateau
C) Grand Teton National Park
D) Yosemite National Park
E) Yellowstone National Park
73) Igneous rocks are most
often classified by their __________ and mineral composition.
A) formation
B) texture
C) size
D) color
E) shape
74) The appearance or quality
of light reflected from the surface of a mineral is called __________.
A) color
B) streak
C) fluorescence
D) luster
E) sheen
75) Which one of the following
is NOT true about mechanical weathering?
A) does not change the rock's mineral composition
B) does not affect metamorphic rocks
C) produces smaller pieces
D) adds to the effectiveness of chemical weathering
E) may lead to the formation of talus slopes
76) The constructive processes
that alter Earth's surface depend upon Earth's internal __________ as their
source of energy.
A) heat
B) tectonics
C) pressure
D) minerals
E) magnetism
77) An undisturbed horizontal
layer of basalt is situated between two sedimentary layers. The basalt exhibits
a vesicular texture in its upper portion, while the sedimentary layer
immediately below shows some metamorphic alteration. The sedimentary layer
above shows no metamorphic alteration. Which one of the following statements is
most likely to be true about the basalt?
A) It is a sill.
B) It is a buried lava flow.
C) It is a horizontally intruded dike.
D) It may be either a sill or a buried lava flow.
78) Which one of the following
does NOT refer to the texture of an igneous rock?
A) aphanitic
B) glassy
C) phaneritic
D) porphyritic
E) clastic
79) As magma migrates upward
it may incorporate some of the surrounding country rock in a process called
__________.
A) mixing
B) differentiation
C) acquiring
D) assimilation
E) none of the above
80) Rocks with a granitic
composition begin to melt near a temperature of __________.
A) 75eC
B) 750eC
C) 1500eC
D) 6000eC
E) 3000eC
81) If the atomic number of an
element is 6 and its mass number is 14, how many neutrons are contained in the
nucleus?
A) 0
B) 6
C) 84
D) 20
E) 8
82) The idea that continents
had moved about the face of Earth, proposed in the early 1900s, was referred to
as continental __________.
A) mechanics
B) locomotion
C) drift
D) conveyance
E) tension
83) When peridotite first
begins to melt, the liquid that is produced has a composition __________.
A) similar to that of basalt
B) identical with that of peridotite
C) similar to that of andesite
D) richer in iron and magnesium than peridotite
E) similar to that of granite
84) The oceanic ridge system
is the major site of __________.
A) spreading center volcanism
B) formation of magma by partial melting of mantle rocks
C) formation of basaltic magma
D) all of these
E) only spreading center volcanism and formation of magma by partial
melting of mantle rocks
85) The mass number of an atom
is obtained by totaling the number of __________.
A) electrons and neutrons
B) protons and neutrons
C) positrons and neutrinos
D) neutrons and positrons
E) electrons and protons
86) The mass of an atom is
concentrated in its __________.
A) nucleus
B) electron
C) isotope
D) angstrom
E) neutron
87) The process of developing
more than one rock type from a common magma is called magmatic __________.
A) streak
B) segregation
C) compounding
D) isolation
E) differentiation
88) A __________ is built
almost exclusively from ejected lava fragments.
A) shield volcano
B) cinder cone
C) composite cone
D) lava dome
E) volcanic neck
89) The building block of the
silicate minerals is called the __________.
A) aluminum-silicon tetrahedron
B) silicon-oxygen tetrahedron
C) silicon-oxygen octahedron
D) aluminum-silicon octahedron
E) none of these
90) Which one of the following
terms is used by geologists to denote any rock with a high percentage of
ferromagnesian minerals?
A) felsic
B) masic
C) mafic
D) ferric
E) calcic
91) The incorporation and
transportation of material by water, wind, or ice describes the process of
__________.
A) weathering
B) sheeting
C) mass wasting
D) erosion
E) none of the above
92) The thinnest of the three
principal units of Earth's interior is the __________.
A) crust
B) core
C) mantle
93) The intrusive equivalent
of basalt is __________.
A) diorite
B) obsidian
C) granite
D) gabbro
E) andesite
94) Vesuvius and Fujiyama are
examples of a __________.
A) shield volcano
B) cinder cone
C) composite cone
D) lava dome
E) volcanic neck
95) The Cascade Range in the
western United States is associated with __________ volcanism.
A) intraplate
B) geothermal
C) subduction zone
D) intercrustal
E) spreading center
96) All silicate minerals
contain the elements __________.
A) silicon and magnesium
B) silicon and calcium
C) silicon and oxygen
D) silicon and iron
E) silicon and sodium
97) The most important
mechanical weathering process is __________.
A) root wedging
B) unloading
C) hydrolysis
D) frost action
E) none of the above
98) Which one of the following
does NOT take place during the rapid cooling of magma?
A) Ions readily combine.
B) Small crystals form.
C) Ions quickly lose their motion.
D) Ions migrate long distances.
E) Large numbers of crystal nuclei form.
99) Which of the following is
NOT considered pyroclastic debris?
A) pahoehoe
B) ash
C) blocks
D) bombs
E) cinders
100) Which of the following
lists magma types in order of decreasing viscosity (i.e., the most viscous
listed first)?
A) granitic, basaltic, andesitic
B) granitic, andesitic, basaltic
C) basaltic, granitic, andesitic
D) andesitic, granitic, basaltic
E) basaltic, andesitic, granitic
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one
alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
1) E
2) D
3) A
4) E
5) D
6) A
7) E
8) B
9) A
10) B
11) E
12) B
13) C
14) E
15) A
16) B
17) E
18) B
19) B
20) A
21) C
22) E
23) E
24) E
25) E
26) C
27) D
28) E
29) E
30) C
31) D
32) D
33) C
34) D
35) B
36) B
37) C
38) B
39) A
40) C
41) A
42) E
43) B
44) B
45) E
46) D
47) D
48) D
49) D
50) D
51) B
52) A
53) E
54) B
55) A
56) D
57) C
58) B
59) A
60) D
61) D
62) D
63) E
64) A
65) C
66) C
67) A
68) C
69) C
70) C
71) D
72) E
73) B
74) D
75) B
76) A
77) B
78) E
79) D
80) B
81) E
82) C
83) A
84) D
85) B
86) A
87) E
88) B
89) B
90) C
91) D
92) A
93) D
94) C
95) C
96) C
97) D
98) D
99) A
100) B