STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

This lab module investigates the general question: What is the nature of 'proof' in geology? It does so by examining how answers are generated to a specific geologic problem: How did the landforms of the New York City region originate?	Click on the buttons to see the details of the problem.
How did the long, narrow, parallel hills and valleys of Manhattan, the Bronx, and adjacent New Jersey originate?
How did the belt of randomly shaped hills and valleys of northern Brooklyn and Queens originate?
How did the gently sloping, flat plain of southern Brooklyn and Queens originate?
Large, isolated boulders are scattered across the landscape of all areas of the NY City region except the flat plain of southern Brooklyn and Queens. The bedrock from which they have been broken off lies many miles or tens of miles to the north or northwest. How did the boulders get to their present locations?
Why is the surface of the bedrock exposed in Manhattan, the Bronx, and adjacent New Jersey characterized by numerous parallel scratches and grooves?