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Captain Thomas Preston's
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It is [a] matter of too great notoriety to need any proofs that the arrival of his Majesty's troops in Boston was extremely obnoxious to its inhabitants. They have ever used all means in their power to weaken the regiments, and to bring them into contempt by promoting and aiding desertions, and with impunity, even where there has been the clearest evidence of the fact, and by grossly and falsely propagating untruths concerning them. On the arrival of the 64th and 65th their ardour seemingly began to abate; it being too expensive to buy off so many, and attempts of that kind rendered too dangerous from the numbers
And has ever since their departure been breaking out with greater violence after their embarkation. One of their justices, most thoroughly acquainted with the people and their intentions, on the trial of a man of the 14th Regiment, openly and publicly in the hearing of great numbers of people and from the seat of justice, declared "that the soldiers must now take care of themselves, nor trust too much to their arms, for they were but a handful; that the inhabitants carried weapons concealed under their clothes, and would destroy them in a moment, if they pleased". This, considering the malicious temper of the people, was an alarming circumstance to the soldiery. Since which several disputes have happened between the townspeople and the soldiers of both regiments, the former being encouraged thereto by the countenance of even some of the magistrates, and by the protection of all the party against government. In general such disputes have been kept too secret from the offi- cers. On the 2d instant two of the 29th going through one Gray's ropewalk, the rope-makers insultingly asked them if they would empty a vault. This unfortunately had the desired effect by provoking the soldiers, and from words they went to blows. Both parties suffered in this afftay, and finally the soldiers retired to their quarters. The officers, on the first knowledge of this transaction, took every precaution in their power to prevent any ill consequence. Notwithstanding which, single quarrels could not be prevented, the inhabitants constantly provoking and abusing the soldiery. The insolence as well as utter hatred of the inhabitants to the troops increased daily, insomuch that Monday and Tuesday, the 5th and 6th instant, were privately agreed on for a general engagement, in consequence of which several of the militia came from the country armed to join their friends, menacing to destroy any who should oppose them. This plan has since been discovered.
On Monday night about 8 o'clock two soldiers were attacked and
beat. But the party of the townspeople in order to carry matters to the
utmost length, broke into two meeting houses and rang the alarm bells,
which I supposed was for fire as usual, but was soon undeceived. About
9 some of the guard came to and informed me the town inhabitants
were assembling to attack the troops, and that the bells were ringing as
the signal for that purpose and not for fire, and the beacon intended to
be fired to bring in the distant people of the country. This, as I was
captain of the day, occasioned my repairing immediately to the main
guard. In my way there I saw the people in great commotion, and heard
them use the most cruel and horrid threats against the troops. In a few
minutes after I reached the guard, about 100 people passed it and went
towards the custom house where the king's money is lodged. They
immediately surrounded the sentry posted there, and with clubs and other
weapons threatened to execute their vengeance on him. I was soon
informed by a townsman their intention was to carry off the soldier from
his post and probably murder him. On which I desired him to return
for further intelligence, and he soon came back and assured me he heard
the mobb declare they would murder him. This I feared might be a
prelude to their plundering the king's chest. I immediately sent a
non-commissioned officer and 12 men to protect both the sentry and the
king's money, and very soon followed myself to prevent, if possible, all
disorder, fearing lest the officer and soldiers, by the insults and
provocations of the rioters, should be thrown off their guard and commit some
rash act. They soon rushed through the people, and by charging their
bayonets in half-circles, kept them at a little distance. Nay, so far was I
from intending the death of any person that I suffered the troops to go
to the spot where the unhappy affair took place without any loading in
their pieces; nor did I ever give orders for loading them. This remiss
conduct in me perhaps merits censure; yet it is evidence, resulting from
the nature of things, which is the best and surest that can be offered,
that my intention was not to act offensively, but the contrary part, and
that not without compulsion. The mob still increased and were more
outrageous, striking their clubs or bludgeons one against another, and
calling out, come on you rascals, you bloody backs, you lobster
scoundrels, fire if you dare, G-d damn you, fire and be damned, we know
you dare not, and much more such language was used. At this time I
was between the soldiers and the mob, parleying with, and
endeavouring all in my power to persuade them to retire peaceably, but to no
purpose. They advanced to the points of the bayonets, struck some of
them and even the muzzles of the pieces, and seemed to be
endeavouring to close with the soldiers. On which some well behaved persons
asked me if the guns were charged. I replied yes. They then asked me
if I intended to order the men to fire. I answered no, by no means,
observing to them that I was advanced before the muzzles of the men's
pieces, and must fall a sacrifice if they fired; that the soldiers were upon
the half cock and charged bayonets, and my giving the word fire under
those circumstances would prove me to be no officer. While I was thus
speaking, one of the soldiers having received a severe blow with a stick,
stepped a little on one side and instantly fired, on which turning to and
asking him why he fired without orders, I was struck with a club on my
arm, which for some time deprived me of the use of it, which blow had
it been placed on my head, most probably would have destroyed me.
On this a general attack was made on the men by a great number of
heavy clubs and snowballs being thrown at them, by which all our lives
were in imminent danger, some persons at the same time from behind
calling out, damn your bloods-why don't you fire. Instantly three or
four of the soldiers fired, one after another, and directly after three more
in the same confusion and hurry. The mob then ran away, except three
unhappy men who instantly expired, in which number was Mr. Gray
at whose rope-walk the prior quarrels took place; one more is since
dead, three others are dangerously, and four slightly wounded. The
whole of this melancholy affair was transacted in almost 20 minutes. On
my asking the soldiers why they fired without orders, they said they
heard the word fire and supposed it came from me. This might be the
case as many of the mob called out fire, fire, but I assured the men that
I gave no such order; that my words were, don't fire, stop your firing.
In short, it was scarcely possible for the soldiers to know who said fire,
or don't fire, or stop your firing. On the people's assembling again to
take away the dead bodies, the soldiers supposing them coming to
attack them, were making ready to fire again, which I prevented by
striking up their firelocks with my hand. Immediately after a townsman
came and told me that 4 or 5000 people were assembled in the next
street, and had sworn to take my life with every man's with me. On
which I judged it unsafe to remain there any longer, and therefore sent
the party and sentry to the main guard, where the street is narrow and
short, there telling them off into street firings, divided and planted them
at each end of the street to secure their rear, momently expecting an
attack, as there was a constant cry of the inhabitants to arms, to arms,
turn out with your guns; and the town drums beating to arms, I ordered
my drums to beat to arms, and being soon after joined by the different
companies of the 29th regiment, I formed them as the guard into street
firings. The 14th regiment also got under arms but remained at their
barracks. I immediately sent a sergeant with a party to Colonel
Dalrymple, the commanding officer, to acquaint him with every particular.
Several officers going to join their regiment were knocked down by the
mob, one very much wounded and his sword taken from him. The
lieutenant-governor and Colonel Carr soon after met at the head of the 29th
regiment and agreed that the regiment should retire to their barracks,
and the people to their houses, but I kept the picket to strengthen the
guard. It was with great difficulty that the lieutenant-governor prevailed
on the people to be quiet and retire. At last they all went off, excepting
about a hundred.
A Council was immediately called, on the breaking up of which three justices met and issued a warrant to apprehend me and eight soldiers. On hearing of this procedure I instantly went to the sheriff and surrendered myself, though for the space of 4 hours I had it in my power to have made my escape, which I most undoubtedly should have attempted and could easily executed, had I been the least conscious of any guilt. On the examination before the justices, two witnesses swore that I gave the men orders to fire. The one testified he was within two feet of me; the other that I swore at the men for not firing at the first word. Others swore they heard me use the word "fire," but whether do or do not fire, they could not say; others that they heard the word fire, but could not say if it came from me. The next day they got 5 or 6 more to swear I gave the word to fire. So bitter and inveterate are many of the malcontents here that they are industriously using every method to fish out evidence to prove it was a concerted scheme to murder the inhabitants. Others are infusing the utmost malice and revenge into the minds of the people who are to be my jurors by false publications, votes of towns, and all other artifices. That so from a settled rancour against the officers and troops in general, the suddenness of my trial after the affair while the people's minds are all greatly inflamed, I am, though perfectly innocent, under most unhappy circumstances, having nothing in reason to expect but the loss of life in a very ignominous manner, without the interposition of his Majesty's royal goodness.
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