Portraits

Who were the people we talk about in history? What did they look like?

Although images of peopel are scattered throughout the various section pages, here they all come together. Based on drawings, paintings, contemporary photos, a gallery of the rogues, heroes, and characters of the past few centuries of Western culture.

Contents

• The Reformation
• The Ancien Regime
• Scientific Revolution and the Age of Enlightenment
• The Revolutions
• 19th Century
• The World Wars and Revolution
• Religion in Images
• Representations of Crowds

The Reformation

The Protestants

• Jan Hus (1372/3-1415)
• Martin Luther (1483-1546) and 2, 3,
  Protestant reformer in German.
• Philip Melanchthon (1497-1560)
  Lutheran theologian.
• Frederick of Saxony
  Luther's patron
• Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531)
  Protestant reformer in Zurich.
• John Calvin (1509-1564) and 2, 3, 4
  Protestant reformer in French speaking world.
• Theodore Beza
  Calvin's successor in Geneva.
• John Foxe (1516-1587)
  Writer of the Book of Martyrs.
• Thomas Cranmer (1489-1556) and 2
  Archbishop of Canterbury, and creator of the Anglican liturgy.
• Richard Hooker (1554-1600)
  Anglican theologian.
• John Bunyan (1628-1688)
  English puritan, wrote Pilgrim's Progress.
• John Wesley (1703-1791) and 2
  Founder of Methodism.
• Charles Wesley (1707-1788) and 2
  Methodist hymn writer.

The Catholics

• Desiderius Erasmus (ca. 1469-1536) and 2, 3
  Catholic critic of papal excess.
• St. Thomas More (1478-1535) and 2
  English politician and Catholic martyr.
• Cardinal Thomas Wolsey (c.1475-1530)
  Henry VIII's chief minister for a time.
• Johann Eck (1486-1543)
  Luther's theological combatent.
• St. Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556)
  Founder of the Society of Jesus (Jesuits)
• St. Theresa of Avila (1515-1582)
  Revivifier of a Spanish religious order, and a mystic.
• St. John of the Cross (1542-1591)
  Spanish mystic.
• Tomas Torquemada (1420-1498)
  Spanish inquisitor. Note dates - he had nothing to do with persecuting Protestants.
• Popes
  • Paul III (r.1534-1549)  and 2
    Began process of Catholic counter-reform.
  • St. Pius V (b. 1504-r.1566-d.1572)
    Pope who brought Council of Trent to conclusion, and excommunicate Queen Elizabeth I.
  • Benedict XIV (r.1740-1758)
    Greatest scholar to be pope. Began issuing encyclicals. Unfortunately anti-Semitic.
  • Gregory XVI (r.1831-1846)
    Declared that the pope would never come to terms with the modern world.
  • Pius IX (r.1846-1878)
    Began as a liberal, but effectively created modern bureaucratic papal control over the Catholic Church.
  • Leo XIII (r.1878-1903)
    Began the modern Catholic critique of Industrial society and liberal capitalism.
  • St. Pius X (b.1835-r.1903-1914)
    Led a purge agaist Catholic "Modernists". Began modern Catholic practie of child communion.
  • Benedict XV (r.1914-1922)
  • Pius XI (r.1922-1939)
  • Pius XII (r.1939-1958)
    Often though of as conservative, but first pope to allow modern Biblical scholarship to Catholics.
  • John XXIII (r.1958-1963)
    Called Vatican II, and began process of "opening the windows".
  • Paul VI (r.1963-1978)
    Continued modernization of Catholic Church.
  • John Paul II (r.1978- )
    First non-Italian pope for over 400 years. Used modern communications to consolidate central papal power. Conservative on sexual issues, progressive on economics.

The Ancien Regime

Expansion

• Christopher Columbus (1451-1506) and 2
  "Discoverer" of the Americas.
• Herman Cortes  (1485-1547) and 2
  Conqueror of Mexico.
• Francisco Pizzaro (1475-1541) and 2
  Conquerer of Peru for Spain.
• Gustavus Vassa
  An enslaved African who was later educated in English and wrote an account of his life.
• Emperor Qian Long [Ch'ien Lung] (r.1736-1795)
  The last great emperor of China.

England

• Politics
  • Elizabeth I, and 2 (b.1533, r. 1558-1603)
    English Queen who presided over the emergence of the Protestant identity of England.
  • James VI [and I] (b.1566, r. 1566 {Scotland}, r. {England} 1603 - 1625)
    Scotsman who tried to establish an absolutist regime in England.
  • Charles I (b.1600- r 1625-d.1649) and Charles I beheaded
    Executed after he failed to establish an absolutist state.
  • A Cavalier
  • Oliver Cromwell (1599-1658, r.1653-58)
    Leader of Parliamentary forces during English Revolution. Destroyer of Ireland.
  • Charles II (b.1630-r.1660-d.1685)
    Presided over restoration of royal power in England.
  • William III (b.1650-r.1698-d.1702) and Mary II (b.1694-r.1689-d.1694)
    Protestant couple who displaced Mary's Catholic father James VII as rulers of England.
• Culture
  • Christopher Marlowe (1564-1593)
    English dramatist.
  • William Shakespeare  (1564-1616) and 2, 3, 4
    ditto.
  • Sir Walter Ralegh (1554-1618)
  • Samuel Pepys (1633-1703)
    English diarist.

France

• Henry IV (b.1553-r.1589-d.1610)
  First Bourbon king, began increase in royal power.
• Armand Jean du Plessis Cardinal Richlieu (1585-1642, r. 1628-1642)
  Effective creator of French absolutism.
• Cardinal Mazarin (1602-1661, r. 1642-1661)
  Richelieu's successor.
• Louis XIV (b.1638-r.1642-d.1715) and as the "Sun King"
  The ruler of France at its period of greatest dominance. Famous for "L'etat, c'est moi" [I am the state.]
• Jean-Baptist Colbert (1619-1683)
  Louis XIV's finance minister.
• Jean Domat (1625-1696)
  Ideological defender of absolutism.
• Bishop Bossuet
  Ideological defender of absolutism.
• Louis XV (b.1710-r.1715-d.1774)
  Much less effective ruler than his predecessor. Famous for "Apres moi, le deluge".
• Madame du Pompadour (1721-1764) and here
  Louis XV's official mistress. Effectively ran France for 15 years.
• Michel de Montaigne (1533-1592) and 2
• Blaise Pascal (1623-1662)

Other Countries

• Frederick the Great of Prussia (1740-1786)
  Creator of Prussia as a great military power.
• Catherine II the Great of Russia and 2 (b.1729-r.1762-d.1796)
  German-born Tsarina, who emulated absolutism, but gave over the peasants to the nobility.
• Maria Theresa of Austria (1717-1780)
  Kept and expanded Austrian power.
• Michael Cervantes (1547-1616)
• Hugo Grotius (1583-1645) and 2

Scientific Revolution and the Age of Enlightenment

Science

• Aristotle (384-322 BCE)
• Ptolemy (2nd Cent. CE) and 2
• Nicholas Copernicus (1473-1543) and 2
• Tycho Brahe (1546-1601)and 2
• Johannes Kepler (1571-1630)
• Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) and 2, 3
• Andreas Vesalius (1514-64) and 2
• Sir William Harvey (1578-1657)
• Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727) and 2 (born the day Galileo died)

Philosophy

• Francis Bacon (1561-1626) and 2
• René Descartes (1561-1626)
• Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) and 2, 3
• John Milton (1608-1674)
• John Locke (1632-1704) and 2,  3
• Bishop George Berkeley (1685-1753)
• David Hume (1711-1776)
• Blaise Pascal (1623-1662)
• Baruch Spinoza (1632-1677)
• Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716)
• Adam Smith (1723-90)
• Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)

Philosophes

• Voltaire (1694-1778) and 2, 3
• Denis Diderot (1713-1784)
• Baron de Montesquieu (1689-1755)
• Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)
• Marquis de Condorcet (1743-94)
• Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) and 2
• Samuel Johnson (1709-1784)
• Lady Mary Wortley Montagu (1689-1762)
• Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)

The Revolutions

France

• Emmanuel Sieyès (1748-1836)
  French priest who began as a radical and ended up as a cooperator with Napoleon.
• Olympe de Gouge (1748-1793)
  Feminist writer.
• Louis XVI (b.1754-r.1774-1796) and 2, 3 (alive) and 4, 5 (dead)
  Moderate French king who responded inadequately to events in 1788-89.
• Marie Antoinette (1755-1796) and 2 (about to be dead)
  Wife of Louis XVI and victim of a vicious campaign of defamation.
• Georges-Jacques Danton (1759-1794)
  A French revolutionary until he was executed by those even more revolutionary.
• Comte de Mirabeau (1749-1791)
  A revolutionary orator.
• Jean Paul Marat (1743-1795) and dead
  French revolutionary made famous by his murder in his bath.
• Maximilien Robespierre (1758-1794) and 2
  Leader of the Committee of Public Safety and of the reign of terror.
• Napoleon (1769-1821, r. 1799-1814) and 2, 3, 4, 5
• Horatio Nelson (1758-1805)
  Victor at Battle of Trafalgar, 1805
• Duke of Wellington (1769-1852)
  General and politician.
• Edmund Burke (1729-1797) and 2
  Intellectual founder of modern conservatism.

American

• William Bradford (1590-1657)
• J. Hector St. John de Crèvecoeur (1735-1813)
• Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)
• George Washington (1732-1799 1st Pres.1789-1797)
• Patrick Henry (1736-1799)
  "Give me liberty or give me death!"
• James Madison (1751-1836, 4th Pres.1809-1817)
• Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826, 3d Pres.1801-1809)
• Thomas Paine (1737-1809)

19th Century

England

• Queen Victoria (b.1819-r.1837-d.1901)
• Sir Robert Peel (1788-1850)
• Benjamin Disraeli (1804-1881, PM 1868, 1874-80) and 2, 3
• William Gladstone (1809-1898, PM 1868-74, 1886, 1892-94)
• Florence Nightingale (1820-1910)
• Lord Thomas Macaulay (1800-1859)
• Cecil Rhodes (1853-1902) and  Rhodes Astride Africa
• Cardinal Henry Edward Manning (1808-1892)
• Cardinal John Henry Newman (1801-1890) and 2, 3 and in 1843, 1845 (close-up), 1861, 1866, 1881, 1885 (close-up), bust

France

• Louis XVIII (1755-r.1814-d.1824)
• Louis Philippe (1733-1850, r.1830-1848)
• Louis Napoleon III (1808-1873, r. 1852-1871)
• Sarah Bernhardt (1844-1923)
• Baron Georges-Eugène Haussmann (1809-1891)
• Jules Ferry (1832-1893)

Austria/Germany

• Emperor Franz Josef I  and 2 (young), 3 (old) (b.1830-r.1848-1916)
• Klemens von Metternich (1773-1859)
• Ludwig II of Bavaria (young) and 2 (old) (
• Otto von Bismark (young) and old (1815-1898)
• Kaiser Wilhelm II (1859-1941, r. 1888-1918)
• Richard Wagner (1813-1883)
  German composer.

Italy

• Giuseppe Mazzini (1805-1872)
  Italian nationalist - theorist.
• Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807-1882) and 2
  Italian nationalist - soldier.
• Camillo Cavour (1810-1861)
  Politician - Prime Minister of Kingdom of Sardinia.
• Giuseppe Verdi (1813-1901)
  Great Italian opera composer.

Russia

• Alexander I (b.1777-r.1801-d.1825)
• Alexander Pushkin (1799-1837)
• Alexander II the Liberator (b.1818-r.1855-d.1881)
• Alexander III (b.1845-r.1881-d.1894)
• Leo Tolstoy (1828-1910)

United States of America

• Charles Grandison Finney (1792-1875)
  American revivalist, theologian.
• Horace Mann (1796-1859)
• Harriet Robinson
• James Stirling
• Andrew Carnegie (1835-1919)
• Chief Black Hawk (1767-1838)
• Lewis Henry Morgan (1818-1881)
• Frederick Douglass (1817-1895)
• Sojourner Truth (c.1797-1883)
• Booker T. Washington (1856-1915)
• W.E.B DuBois (1868-1963)
• Alexander Stephens (1812-1883)
• Abraham Lincoln (1809-1865, Pres. 1861-1865)
• Theodore Roosevelt (1858-1919, 26th Pres. 1901-1909)
• Edgar Allen Poe (1809-1849)
• Mark Twain (Samuel Langhorne Clemens)(1835-1910)
• Thomas Alva Edison (1847-1931)
• Ralph Wald Emerson (1803-1882)
• Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862)
• Walt Whitman (1819-1892)

The World at Large

• Toussaint L'Ouverture (c.1743-1803)
  Led revolt in Haiti.
• Simon Bolivar (1783-1830)
  "The Liberator" or South America.
• Jose de San Martin (1778-1850)
  South American soldier.
• Commissioner Lin Cixu [Lin Tse-Hsu] (1785-1850)
  Objected to British opium trade with China.
• Jamal al-Din al-Afghani (1838/9-1897)
• Theodor Herzl (1860-1904)
  Founder of Zionism
• Fukuzawa Yukichi (1834-1901)
  Japanese visitor to America.

Scientists (19th-early 20th century)

• Jean-Baptiste de Monet de Lamarck (1744-1829)
• Joseph von Fraunhofer (1787-1826)
• Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel (1784-1846)
• Michael Faraday (1791-1867) and
• Sir Charles Lyell (1797-1875)
• Charles Darwin (1809-1882) and 2, 3
• Herman von Helmholtz (1821-1894)
• Gregor Mendel (1822-1884)
• James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879)
• Ernst Mach (1838-1916)
• Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) and 2
• Max Planck (1858-1947)
• Marie Curie (1867-1934)
• Albert Einstein (1879-1955)
• Harlow Shapley (1885-1972)
• Niels Bohr (1885-1962)
• Erwin Schroedinger (1887-1961)
• Edwin Powell Hubble (1889-1953)
• Georges-Henri Lemaitre (1894-1966)
• Werner Karl Heisenberg (1901-1976)
• Karl Guthe Jansky (1905-50)

Thinkers/Literati

• Liberals
  • Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) and dead (pickled in fact)
    Founder of utilitarianism and University College London.
  • Thomas Malthus (1766-1834)
  • David Ricardo (1772-1823)
    Imagined that there was an "iron law of wages".
  • John Stuart Mill (1806-1873) and 2
  • Walter Bagehot (1826-1877)
• Feminists
  • Susan B. Anthony (1820-1906)
  • Elizabeth Cady Stanton (1815-1900)
  • Margaret Sanger (1883-1966)
• Socialists
  • Karl Marx (1818-1883) and 2
  • Friederich Engels (1820-1895)
• Romantics/Nationalists
  • Johann Gottfried Herder (1744-1803) and 2, 3
    Intellectual progenitor of nationalism.
  • Joahnn Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832)
  • Johann Gottlieb Fichte (1762-1814)
  • Friedrich von Schiller (1759-1805) and 2
  • François René, vicomte de Chateaubriande   (1768-1848)
• Thinkers/Philosophers
  • Pierre-Simon Laplace (1749-1827)
  • Georg W.F. Hegel (1770-1831)
  • Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860)
  • Auguste Comte (1798-1857)
  • Soren Kierkegaard (1813-1855)
  • John Ruskin (1819-1900)
  • Thomas Henry Huxley and 2 (1825-1895)
  • Walter Pater (1839-94)
  • Friederich Wilhelm Nietzsche (1844-1900) and 2
  • Gottlob Frege (1848-1925)
    The first person to develop logical theory beyond Aristotle.
  • Henri-Loius Bergson (1859-1941)
  • Alfred North Whitehead (1861-1947)
  • Arnold Joseph Toynbee (1889-1975)
  • John Dewey (1859-1952)
  • Carl Jung (1875-1961)
• Writers
  • William Blake (1757-1827)
  • Sir Walter Scott (1771-1832)
  • Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772-1834)
  • Jane Austen (1775-1817)
  • Robert Southey (1774-1843)
    English poet laureate (1813-1843)
  • Thomas de Quincey (1785-1859)
  • Lord Byron (1788-1824)
  • Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822)
  • Alfred Lord Tennyson (1809-92)
  • William Wordsworth (1770-1850)
  • Robert Browning (1812-89)
  • Elizabeth Barrett Browning (1806-61)
  • Charles Kingsley (1819-75)
  • Robert Hugh Benson
  • Gerald Manley Hopkins (1844-89) and 2
  • Francis Thompson
  • Oscar Wilde (1854-1900)
  • Sir Arthur Conon Doyle (1859-1930)
  • Thomas Hardy (1840-1928)

The World Wars and Revolution

World War I

• Rupert Brooke (1887-1915)
• Wilfred Owen (1893-1918)
• Rudyard Kipling (1865-1936)
• Woodrow Wilson (1856-1924)
• Lloyd George, Orlando, Clemenceau, Wilson
  Georges Clemenceau (1841-1929)
  David Lloyd George (1865-1945, PM 1916-1922)
  Vittoria Emanuale Orlando, 1860-1952

Russian Revolution

• Vladimir I. Lenin (1870-1924) and 2
• Leon Trotsky (1879-1940)
  Lived in the Bronx before leading the Red Army.
• Lenin and Stalin
• Josef Stalin (1879-1953) and 2
• Alexander Kollantai (1872-1952)
• John Reed (1887-1920)
  American journalist who reported on the Revolution in Ten Days that Shook the World.

The Interwar Years

• USA
  • Alfred P. Sloan (1875-1966)
  • Henry Ford (1863-1947)
  • Clarence Darrow (1857-1938)
  • William Jennings Bryan (1860-1925)
  • The Scopes Trial (July 1925)
• Spain
  • Federico Garcia Lorca (1898-1936)
  • Francisco Franco (1892-1975)
• Literature/Thought
  • Aldous  Huxley (1894-1963) and 2
  • Gilbert Keith Chesterton (1874-1936) and 2
  • Joseph Conrad (1857-1924)
  • Franz Kafka (1883-1924) and 2
  • T S Eliot (1888-1965)
  • Bertand Russell (1872-1970)
  • Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889-1951)
  • Edmund Husserl (1859-1938)
  • Martin Heidegger (1889-1976) and 2
  • Karl Jaspers (1883-1969)
  • Albert Schweitzer (1875-1965)
  • John Maynard Keynes (1883-1946)

World War II

• Axis
  • Hitler and Mussolini (Hitler,1889-1945)
  • Benito Mussolini
  • Adolph Hitler 1932, and 2
  • Heinrich Himmler
  • Rudolf Hoess (1900-??)
  • Emperor Hirohito (1926-19??)
• Allies
  • Winston S. Churchill (1874-1965)
  • Franklin D. Roosevelt (1882-1945, 32nd Pres. 1933-1945)
  • Harry S. Truman (1884-1972, 33rd Pres. 1945-1953)
  • Dwight David Eisenhower (1890-1969, 34th Pres. 1953-1961)
  • Henry L. Stimson (1867-1950)
  • Yalta: Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin
  • Charles de Gaulle (1890-1970)

The World Since 1945

• World Politics
  • United States
    • John F. Kennedy (1917-1963, 35th Pres. 1961-1963)
    • Lyndon Baines Johnson (1908-1973, 36th Pres. 1963-1969)
  • Britain
    • The Queen (b.1926-r.1952-)
    • The Queen Mother (1900-)
    • Margaret Thatcher (1925-, PM 1979-1990)
    • Michael Foot (1913-)
      British Labour Party leader.
    • Ken Livingstone
      British politician.
    • Chris Smith and Doran Jabri
      First openly gay UK Cabinet minister, and spouse.
    • Tony Blair (1953-)
  • France
    • Jean Monnet (1888-1979)
    • Charles De Gaulle (1890-1970)
  • Germany
    • Ludwig Ehrhard (1897-1977)
    • Konrad Adenauer (1876-1967)
      West German chancellor (1949-63)
    • Willi Brandt (1913-92
      German political leader (b. Herbert Ernst Karl Frahm) Chancellor of West Germany (1969-19974)
    • Helmut Schmidt (1918-)
      German political leader, chancellor of West Germany (1974-82)
    • Helmut Kohl (1930-)
      German political leader, chancellor of West Germany (1982-90), and of Germany (1990-1998)
  • Russia/USSR
    • Nikita Khrushchev (1894-1971)
    • Leonid Brezhnev (1906-82)
    • Michail Gorbachev (b.1931-)
    • Boris Yeltsin (1931-)
  • Middle East
    • Kemal Ataturk (1881-1938) and 2
    • King Farouk (1920-65, king of Egypt  1936-52)
    • Gamal Abdal Nasser (1918-70)
    • Anwar al-Sadat, (1918-81)
      Egyptian president (1970-81)
    • David Ben Gurion (1886-1973)
      1st Israeli  prime minister  (1949-53, 1955-63); b. Poland as David Grün.
    • Golda Meir (1898-1978)
      Israeli prime minister (1969-74)
  • Latin America
    • Eva Peron (1919-52) and 2
    • Ernesto "Che" Guevara (1928-1967)
    • Fidel Castro (1926-) and 2
    • Chico Mendes (1944-1988)
    • Rigoberta Menchú (b.1960-)
  • Africa
    • Ebere Onwudiwe
    • Nelson Mandela (b. 1918-)
  • East Asia
    • Akio Morita (b.1921-)
    • Mao Zedong [Mao Tze-tung](1893-1976)
    • Deng Xiaoping [Teng Hsiao-p'ing] (1904-1998)
    • Ho Chi Minh (1890-1969)
  • South Asia
    • Mohandas K. Gandhi (1869-1948) and 2
    • Jawaharlal Nehru (1889-1964)
      Prime minister of India 1947-1964
    • Mohammed Ali Jinnah (1876-1948)
      Founder of modern Pakistan.
    • Indira Gandhi (1917-1984)
      Prime minister of India (1966-77, 1980-84)
  • Koffi Annan
    UN Secretary General
• Science and Technology
  • Men on the Moon, 1969
• Thinkers
  • George Orwell (1903-50) and 2
  • Jean-Paul Sartre (1905-80) and 2
  • Michel Foucault (1926-84)
• Cultural Producers
  • Sylvia Plath (1932-63)
  • Anna Sexton (1928-74)
  • William Burroughs
• Social Conflicts
  • Anita Bryant in 1977

Religion in Images

• Protestant Thinkers/Leaders
  • Karl Barth (1886-1968) and 2
  • Paul Tillich (1886-1965)
  • C.S. Lewis (1898-1964)
  • Dietrich Bonhoeffer (1906-45)
  • Rudolf Bultmann (1884-1976)
  • Reinhold Niebuhr (1892-1971)
  • Gladys Aylward
  • Billy Graham (1918-)
  • Martin LutherKing Jr. (1929-1968)
• Modern Catholic Saints
  • St. Therese of Lisieux (1873-1897)
  • St. Maximilien Kolbe
• The Cult of the Virgin Mary
  • The Virgin of Guadaloupe (1531),and 2
  • Our Lady of Lourdes (1858)
• Images of Jesus
  • The Sacred Heart of Jesus
  • Salvador Dali (1904-89): Crucifixion

Representations of Crowds

• Frontispiece of Leviathan
• The Women of October 1789
• The Execution of Louis XVI, 1794
• Eugene Delacroix (1798-1863): Liberty Leading the People

Contents Page

Site Design: Paul Halsall

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created 11/10/1998/revised 2/6/1999