Course Reader

Contents

• Book I: The Old Regime and the Eighteenth Century
  • Chapter 1: The Old Regime
  • Chapter 2: The Enlightenment
  • Chapter 3: The Age of Revolutions
• Book II: The Nineteenth Century
  • Chapter 1: The Industrial Revolution and Global Economy
  • Chapter 2: Science, Education, and the Human Condition
  • Chapter 3: Political Restructuring at Home and Abroad
    • Nationalism
    • Liberalism and Human Rights
    • Imperialism
• Book III: The Twentieth Century
  • Chapter 1: The Continuing Industrial Revolution and Global Economy
  • Chapter 2: Technology and Science in an Age of Uncertainty
  • Chapter 3: New States, New Societies

This page mirrors the contents and arrangement of the print-published course sourcebook for Core 4 - Ruth Kleinman, et al, eds. The Shaping of the Modern World from the Enlightenment to the Present, 3d ed. (Brooklyn: Brooklyn College Press, 1993). The texts here, though, are not quite the same as in the published version: they may be longer, represent different selections, or be by different translators. In addition, in each section, there are links to additional source materials for the theme.

Students taking the virtual course should note that assigned readings for each section are linked to from the index page for that section. There is a difference, however.   The links from the section pages are to local copies of the readings at Brooklyn College, specifically set out for students taking this course. The links from this page are to the original internet location of the documents.

Readers who want to survey a wider range of modern history primary sources are directed to the Internet Modern History Sourcebook.

How to Read Primary Sources: Some Guides on the Web

• Why Study History Through Primary Sources
• Donald Gerardi (Brooklyn College): Analyzing Primary Sources
• Edward Burrows (Brooklyn College): How to Read a Primary Source [based on Bowdoin College guide]

Book 1: The Old Regime and the Eighteenth Century

Chapter 1: The Old Regime

• William Bradford: History of Plymouth Plantation, c. 1650 [At MHS]
• Jean Domat (1625-1696): On Social Order and Absolute Monarchy, 1697  [At MHS]
• Jean-Baptiste Colbert (1619-1683): Memorandum on Trade, 1664  [At MHS] and Memoirs - On French Finances [At Hanover]
• J. Hector St. John de Crèvecoeur (1735-1813): What Is an American?   and  Letters From An American Farmer: Letter 3: What is an American, 1782 [At UVA]
• Oladuah Equiano: The Life of Gustavus Vassa [At MHS], and   The Life of Gustavus Vassa [At Northpark], and The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, The African, London, 1789 [At Hanover]
• Emperor Qian Long [Ch'ien Lung] (b.1711-1799, r.1736-1796): Letter to George III, 1793 [At MHS]

Selected Extra Source Texts on this Theme

• Cardinal Richelieu: Political Testament, 1624, [At Hanover]
• Bishop Jacques Bossuet: Political Treatise on Kingship, [At Hanover] With Reading Guide
• Duc de Saint-Simon: The Court of Louis XIV, from Memoires
• The Duchess of Orleans: Versailles Etiquette, 1704
• Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679): Leviathan, 1651, extracts

Chapter 2: The Enlightenment

• Lady Mary Wortley Montagu (1689-1762): Smallpox Vaccination in Turkey,
• Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790): Experiments with Balloons, 1783 [At MHS]
• John Locke (1632-1704): Two Treatises of Government, 1690, selections, [At MHS] or  Second Treatise on Government [At Hanover][Full Text]
  RG Reading Guide, or   An Essay Concerning the true original, extent, and end of Civil Government, 1689, excerpts [At American Revolution], or  Second Treatise on Government, 1689, excerpts [At Northpark], or  Of Political or Civil Society, from Second Treatise, Chapter 7 [At Liberty Online], or  Of the Beginning of Political Societies, from Second Treatise, Chapter 8 [At Liberty Online]
• Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712-78): Second Discourse on the Origins of Inequality, 1755 [At MHS]  and The Social Contract, 1763, extended excerpts, [At MHS] or  The Social Contract, 1763, extracts [At MHS], or: The Social Contract, 1763, extracts [At WSU]
• Adam Smith (1723-90): Wealth of Nations, 1776, chapter 1 [At WSU] On the division of labor, or Wealth of Nations, 1776, extracts [At WSU] On prices, or Of Colonies, from The Wealth of Nations, 1776 [At American Revolution] or  The Cost of Empire, from The Wealth of Nations, 1776 [At American Revolution]
• Condorcet (1743-94): On the Future Progress of the Human Mind, 1794 [At MHS]

Selected Extra Source Texts on this Theme

• Nicholas Copernicus: Dedication of The Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies, 1543, [At Clinch Valley College]
• Johannes Kepler: Laws of Planetary Motion, [At Hawaii]
  A web page illustrating the laws in diagrams
• Galileo Galilei (1564-1642): Letter to the Duchess Christina of Tuscany, 1615 with Reading Guide
• Francis Bacon: Preface to the Novum Organum, [At Hanover]
• Réne Descartes: Discourse on Method, 1637, extracts, [At WSU]
• Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727): Mathematical Principles of Natural Philopsophy
  On the rules of reasoning in philosophy.
• Thomas S. Kuhn: Structure of Scientific Revolutions, 1962, [At BGSU]
  Summary of theories of an important modern theorist of the idea of scientific revolution.
• Petition of Right, 1628, [At The American Revolution Site]
• Statement of the Levellers, 1649, [At WSU]
• Radical Women During the English Revolution
• John Eveleyn: Diary, 1666-1689
• Declaration of Right, February 1689, [At Hanover]
• English Bill of Rights, 1689
• William Temple: Observations upon the United Provinces of the Netherlands
• Jean La Rond D'Alembert: Preliminary Discourse to the Encyclopedia of Diderot, [At WSU]
• Voltaire (1694-1778): A Treatise on Toleration, 1763, [At WSU]
• Voltaire (1694-1778): Selections from the Philosophical Dictionary, [At Hanover]
• Charles Louis de Secondat Montesquieu (1689-1755): Persian Letters, No. 13, 1721
• Charles Louis de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu (1689-1755): The Spirit of the Laws, 1748
• Cesare Beccaria: An Essay on Crimes and Punishments
• Paris Salons in the 18th Century
  On Enlightenment society hostesses.
• David Hume (1711-1776): On Miracles from Human Understanding
• Catherine the Great of Russia: Various Documents on Enlightenment and Government
• Frederick II of Prussia (1740-1786): Essay on Forms of Government

Chapter 3: The Age of Revolutions

• Thomas Paine (1737-1809): Common Sense, full text [At MHS] or: Common Sense, Jan 1776 [At American Revolution]
• Declaration of Independence, 1776 [At Yale] or here [At American Revolution] See Locke's Second Treatise/Declaration of Independence, side by side [At Anesi]
• United States Constitution, 1787 [At Yale] or here [At American Revolution]
• Abbé Sieyes: What is the Third Estate? [At MHS]
  RG Reading Guide - Early French Revolution
• Declaration of the Rights of Man, 26 August, 1789 [At Yale]
• Olympe de Gouges: Declaration of the Rights of Women, 1791, excerpts [At MHS]
• Maximilien Robespierre (1758-94): On the Principles of Political Morality, 1794, excerpts [At MHS] or  Terror and Virtue, 1794 [At MHS]
• Napoleon: Assessment of His Achievements in France, as Told to General Caulaincourt. See: Speech to Troops, 1796 [At Clinch Valley College] and  Account of the Situation of the Empire, 1804 [At Hanover]
• Edmund Burke (1729-1797): Reflections on the Revolution in France, 1791, short excerpts [At Clinch Valley College], or  Reflections on the Revolution in France, 1791, moderate length excerpts [At Baylor], or Reflections on the Revolution in France, 1791, extended excerpts [At MHS]

Selected Extra Source Texts on this Theme

• Edmund Burke: On conciliation with America, March 22, 1775, [At The American Revolution Site]
• James Madison:Speech proposing the Bill of Rights, June 8, 1789, [At The American Revolution Site]
• Alexis De Tocqueville: Democracy in America, Book II: Chapter 8: Book III, Chapters 3, 4
• Chief Black Hawk (1767-1838): Autobiography
• Smallpox, Indians, and Blankets
• Gottlieb Mittelberger, On the Misfortune indentured Servants, [At The American Revolution Site]
• Cahier of the Third Estate of Dourdan, March 29, 1789, [At Clinch Valley College]
• The Tennis Court Oath, June 20, 1789, [At Clinch Valley College][With facsimiles of the Document]
• Decree Abolishing Feudalism, 1789, [At Hanover]
• Civil Constitution of the Clergy, 1790, [At Hanover]
• Proclamation of the Duke of Brunswick, 1792, [At Hanover] The threat that lead to the onset of the French Revolutionary wars.
• The Marseillaise
• Maximilian Robespierre (1758-94): On the Festival of the Supreme Being,, 1794
• Johann Wolfgang von Goethe: Faust, 1808, [At Clinch Valley College]
• William Wordsworth (1770-1850): Tintern Abbey

Book II: The Nineteenth Century

Chapter 1: The Industrial Revolution and Global Economy

• The British Parliament Investigates Conditions of Child Labor, 1832. See Life of 19th Century Workers In England [At Alderson-Broaddus College]
• Harret Robinson: Lowell Mill Girls, 1834-1848 [At MHS]
• Karl Marx (1818-83) and Frederich Engels (1820-1895): Communist Manifesto, 1848, extracts [At WSU] or  Communist Manifesto, 1848 [At Yale][Full Text].
  RG Study Guide [At WSU]
• James Stirling: The Life of Plantation Field Hands, 1857 [At MHS]
• Andrew Carnegie (1835­1919): The Gospel of Wealth, 1889 [At MHS]
• Pope Leo XIII (b. 1810. pope. 1878-1903): On the Condition of the Working Classes (Rerum Novarum), 15 May 1891 [At American]
• Commissioner Lin Cixu [Lin Tse-hsu]: Letter to the English Ruler [At Brooklyn College] or Shorter Version [At calyx]   1839

Selected Extra Source Texts on this Theme

• Leeds Woolen Workers' Petition, 1786
  Attacking the effects of machinery.
• Leeds Cloth Merchants' Letter, 1791
  Defending machinery.
• The Steam Engine [At Toronto]
  A short modern account of how a steam engine works, and what was improved in the 18th century.
• Thomas Newcomen: The Newcomen Engine, [At exeter.ac.uk] [Sketch picture]
• James Watt (1736-1819): The Steam Engine, c. 1769, [At Museon.nl] [Picture]
• James Watt (1736-1819) and Matthew Boulton: An Industrial Steam Engine [with a 64 inch bore!], 1820, [At Kew Bridge Steam Museum] [Picture]
• Richard Guest: Compendious History of the Cotton Manufacture, 1823 On the application of steam power to cotton looms and the social effects.
• William Radcliffe: Origin of...Power Loom Weaving, 1828 On the application of steam power to cotton looms.
• Isambard Kingdom Brunel (1806-1859): The S.S. Great Britain, 1839, [At Digiweb][Picture+text] or Another Picture [At wlihe.ac.uk]
  The first ocean-going steam propeller ship.
• Curt Anderson: The Two Countries That Invented the Industrial Revolution, [At Darex.com][Modern Article]
  An explanation of the different functions of invention in Britain and the United States.  
• Observations on the Loss of Woollen Spinning, 1794
• Edwin Chadwick (1803-1890): Report on Sanitary Conditions, 1842, [At Brown]
• Texts on the Physical Effects of Factory Work, [At Brown]
• Friedrich Engels: Industrial Manchester, 1844
  From The Condition of the Working-Class in England in 1844.
• Andrew Ure (1778-1857): The Philosophy of the Manufacturers, 1835
• William Blake: Preface to 'Milton', 1804, [At Clinch Valley College]
• William Wordsworth (1770-1850): The Excursion, 1814
• Charles Dickens: Hard Times, Chapter 2, [At Mt Holyoke]
• Elizabeth Gaskell: North and South, 1855, [At Clinch Valley College]
• Emile Zola: Germinal, 1885, extracts, [At WSU]
• Chartism: The People's Petition, 1838
• Louis Blanc (1811­1882): The Organization of Labour, 1840
• Karl Marx (1818-83) and Frederich Engels: Communist Manifesto, 1848, extracts, [At WSU]
• Edouard Bernstein (1850-1932): Evolutionary Socialism
• William Morris (1834-1896): Why I Am a Socialist, 1884
• Anne Maier: Autobiography, 1912
• The Internationale

Chapter 2: Science, Education, and the Human Condition

• Hermann von Helmholtz: On The Conservation Of Force, 1863 [At MHS]
• Thomas Henry Huxley: On Darwin's Theory
  See Science and Culture, 1880 [At MHS], and The Method of Scientific Investigation, 1863 [At MHS] or: Prolegomena to Evolution and Ethics, 1894 [At Baylor] or Evolution and Ethics, 1894 [At Baylor]
• Jami al-Din al-Afghan-i: An Islamic Reformer Speaks on Science
• Chief Black Hawk (1767-1838): Autobiography [At MHS] or  Surrender Speech, 1832 [At Civnet]
• Lewis Henry Morgan (1818-1881): The Destiny of the Indian, 1851 [At MHS]
• Florence Nightingale (1820-1910): Rural Hygiene [At MHS]
• Horace Mann (1796-1859): Report No. 12 of the Massachusetts School Board, 1848 [At Civnet]
• Sigmund Freud: On Human Nature
  See The Interpretation of Dreams, 1900, extracts [At WSU] or  The Interpretation of Dreams, 1900 [At CMU][Full Text] or here [At Psych-Web][In HTML] or   The Structure of the Unconscious, from An Outline of Psychoanalysis [At Upenn]

Selected Extra Source Texts on this Theme

• Charles Darwin: Origin of the Species, 1859, extracts, [At WSU]
• Charles Darwin (1809-1882): The Descent of Man, 1871
• Herbert Spencer: Progess: Its Law and Causes, 1857
  Social Darwinism by its founder.
• Bertrand Russell: Philosophical consequences of relativity, written for 13th ed of Encyclopedia Britannica, [At HK]
• Bertrand Russell: Icarus, or, the Future of Science, 1924, [At Wisconsin]
• Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900): Parable of the Madman
• Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900): The Geneology of Morals, extracts, [At WSU]
• Mathew Arnold (1822-88): Dover Beach, c. 1851, [At Auburn]
• A Surrealist Manifesto: The Declaration of January 27, 1925
• Pope Pius IX: Syllabus of Errors, 8 Dec 1864, [At American]
• Pope Leo XIII: On the Condition of the Working Classes (Rerum Novarum), 15 May 1891, [At American]

Chapter 3: Political Restructuring at Home and Abroad

Nationalism

• Johann Gottlieb Fichte (1762­1814): Address To The German Nation, 1807  [At MHS] or Addresses to the German Nation, 1806 [At MHS]
• Giuseppe Mazzini (1802-1872): An Essay On the Duties of Man Addressed to Workingmen [At Hanover] or On Nationality as a Key to Social Development, 1852, excerpts [At MHS]
• Alexander H. Stephens (1812-1883): Cornerstone Address, March 21, 1861  [At MHS]
• Abraham Lincoln (1809-1865): "A House Divided", 1858 [At Civnet] Delivered June 17, 1858, Democratic Party Platform, 1860 [At Yale], First Inaugural Address,  March 4, 1861 [At MHS], Special Session Message, July 4, 1861  [At MHS],  Emancipation Proclamation, 1863 [At Yale] or here [At Civnet] or here [At American Revolution],  The Gettysburg Address [At American Revolution] or here, [At Civnet], Second Inaugural Address,   March 4, 1865 [At MHS], Letter to Mrs. Bixby, 1864 [At MHS]
• Theodor Herzl (1860-1904): On the Jewish State, 1896, excerpts [At MHS]
• Some Arab Responses to Zionism

Selected Extra Source Texts on this Theme

• Prince Klemens Von Metternich (1773-1859): Political Confession of Faith, 1820
• The Carlsbad Decrees, 1819, [At Hanover]
• Joseph De Maistre: The Divine Origins of Constitutions, 1810  Conservative political thinking.
• Documents of the Revolution of 1848 in France, 1848, [At Hanover]
• Hapsburg Documents, [At HNet] [Mostly Documents of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848-49]
• Daniel O'Connell (1775-1847): Justice for Ireland, Speech to House of Commons, Feb 4, 1836
• Nationalism and Music

Liberalism and Human Rights

• The Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States
• John Stuart Mill (1806-73): On Liberty, extracts [At WSU] or  On Liberty, extracts [At Baylor] or  On Liberty [At MHS][Full Text]
• Seneca Falls Declaration, 1848 [At MHS] and here [At LSU] and here [At Civnet]
• Sojourner Truth (1797-1883): 'An't I a Woman?', 1851 [At MHS] A rough-hewn account. or  'Ain't I a Woman?', 1851 [At MHS] or in audio [At MIT]
• Booker T Washington (1856-1915): Speech at the Atlanta Exposition, 1895
• W. E. Burghardt Du Bois: on Booker T. Washington
  See W. E. Burghardt Du Bois: Strivings of the Negro People, The Atlantic Monthly, August 1897, [At The Atlantic]

Selected Extra Source Texts on this Theme

• Thomas R. Malthus (1766-1834): First Essay on Population, 1798
• David Ricardo (1772-1823): The Iron Law of Wages, 1817
• John Stuart Mill (1806-73): On Liberty, extracts, [At WSU]
• The opinions of the Supreme Court in the Dred Scott case, [At The American Revolution Site]
• Abraham Lincoln: Emancipation Proclamation, 1862, [At Yale]
• Seneca Falls Declaration, 1848
• Sojourner Truth (1797-1883): 'An't I a Woman?', 1851
  A rough-hewn account.
• Susan B. Anthony: On Women's Right to Vote, 1873
• Maria Eugenia Echenique: The Emancipation of Women, 1876, [At WSU] - An Argentinian femnist.
• Margaret Sanger (1883-1966): Autobiography
  On why she became a crusader for birth control.
• Walt Whitman: Song of Myself, 1855

Imperialism

• Thomas Babington Macaulay (1800-1859): On Empire and Education, 1830s,  [At MHS]
• Jules Ferry (1832-1893): On French Colonial Expansion, 1884 [At MHS]
• The Platt Amendment, 1901 [At MHS]
• The American Anti Imperialist League Platform, 1899 [At MHS]
• Fukuzawa Yukichi: First Impressions of the United States

Selected Extra Source Texts on this Theme

• Monroe Doctrine, 1823¸ [At Yale]
• John L. O'Sullivan: On Manifest Destiny, 1839, [At Mt. Holyoke]
• John A. Hobson (1858-1940): Imperialism, 1902
• Extent of European Colonialism in Statistical Terms, [At Mt. Holyoke]
• Kaiser Wilhelm II: German Interests in China, 1900, [At HNet]
• Raja Rammohan Roy: A Second Conference Between an Advocate for, and An Opponent of the Practice of Burning Widows Alive, 1820, [At WSU]
• Sir William Bentinck: On Ritual Murder in India , 1829
• Albert Beveridge (1862-1927): The March of the Flag, September 16, 1898
• Rudyard Kipling: The White Man's Burden, 1899
• Edward Morel: The Black Man's Burden, 1903,
• Joseph Conrad: Heart of Darkness, 1902, extracts, [At WSU]
• George Orwell: Shooting an Elephant, [At BNL][Full Text]
• Theodore Roosevelt: The Threat of Japan, 1889, [At Mt. Holyoke]

Book III: The Twentieth Century

Chapter 1: The Continuing Industrial Revolution and Global Economy

• Alfred P. Sloan: Organizing General Motors at Home and Abroad
• Vladimir Illyich Lenin (1870-1924): Imperialism, The Highest Stage of Capitalism, 1916, [Full text][At MHS]
• Josef Stalin (1879-1953): Industrialization of the Country, 1928 [At MHS]
• Ludwig Erhard: "The Free Economy and the Planned Economy"
• Ebere Onwudiwe: On Nigerian Debt

Selected Extra Source Texts on this Theme

• Tables Illustrating the Spread of Industrialization
• Spread of Railways in Europe
• George Friedrich List (1789-1846): National System of Political Economy
• Robert Franz: The German Banking System, 1910

Chapter 2: Technology and Science in an Age of Uncertainty

• Margaret Sanger (1883-1966): Autobiography, excerpts [At MHS] On why she became a crusader for birth control.
• Marie Curie (1867-1934): On the Discovery of Radium [At MHS]
• Henry L. Stimson: "The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb"
• Werner Heisenberg: "The Responsibility of the Scientist"
• David Sarnoff: On the Computer Age
• Chico Mendes: The Brazilian Rubber Tappers
• Akio Morita: On Japanese Attitudes about Natural Resources and Technology

Selected Extra Source Texts on this Theme

• Dorothy Day: Aims and Purposes, 1940 [At Catholic Worker]
  This page has many more texts by Dorothy Day and other Catholic Worker writers.
• Walter Rauschenbusch: The Social Gospel, 1908

Chapter 3: New States, New Societies

• Woodrow Wilson: The Fourteen Points, Jan 8,1918, excerpts [At MHS]  and here [At Civnet] and here [At Yale]
• Lenin: On Organizing for Revolution
  See : What is to Be Done?, 1902, extended excerpts [At MHS],: What is to Be Done?, extracts [At WSU],: The State and Revolution, 1918, extended excerpts,[At MHS], State and Revolution, 1918 [At Idaho]
• Alexandra Kollontai: On Communism and the Family
  See  The Workers' Opposition, 1921 [At Marx.Org]
• Gandhi: On Truth and Civil Disobedience
  See Mohandas K. Gandhi : Indian Home Rule, 1909 [At WSU] and here [AT CCNY]
• Mao Zedong [Mao Tse Tung] (1893-1976): Report on an Investigation of the Peasant Movement in Hunan, March 1927  [At MHS]
• Gardiner C. Means: On the Early New Deal
• Adolf Hitler: On Antisemitism in Vienna, 1925 [At HNet][From Mein Kampf]
• Rudolf Hoess, Commandant of Auschwitz: Testimony, 1946 [At MHS]
• The Truman Doctrine, 1947 [At MHS]
• Sir Winston Churchill (1874-1965): Conservative Party Principles, 1946 [At MHS]
• Nikita Krushchev: Secret Speech, 1956 [At MHS] or The Secret Speech - On the Cult of Personality, 1956 [At MHS] Longer excerpts.
• Brown v. Board of Education, 1954 [At Civnet]
• Martin Luther King, Jr.: "A Time to Break Silence"
  See Letter From A Birmingham Jail, April 16, 1963 [At Hanover] or here [At MS State] and  "I have a dream" speech - August 28, 1963 [At The American Revolution Site] or here [At Eserver] or  here    [At UC Boulder]
• Vietnamese Declaration of Independence, 1945 [At MHS]
• Nelson Mandela: Speaks Out
  See  Speech on Release From Jail, 1990 [At MHS] or Inaugural Address, May 10, 1994 [At WSU]
• Rigoberta Mencho: Guatemalan Activist
  See Interview: Five Hundred Years of Sacrifice Before Alien Gods, 1992 [At indians.org]
• Gorbachev: On Nationalities
• "A Wall through Both Hearts and Minds": A Journalist Notes Some Unexpected Consequences of German Reunification

Selected Extra Source Texts on this Theme

• World War I
  • World War I Poetry, Poems by Siegfried Sasson, Wilfred Owen, Herbert Read, and others
  • Woodrow Wilson: The Fourteen Points, Jan 8,1918
  • The Versailles Treaty, 1919 
  • Paul Valéry: On European Civilization and the European Mind, c. 1919, 1922
  • T.S. Eliot: The Hollow Men, [At Cambridge]
  • John Maynard Keynes (1883-1946): The Economic Consequences of the Peace, 1920
  • League of Nations Covenant, 1924, [At Yale]
• Russia and Its Revolution
  • Maria Sukloff: The Story of An Assassination, extracts, [At WSU]
  • Vladimir Illyich Lenin (1870-1924): Excerpts from Lenin's Testament, 1922
  • Vladmir Illyich Lenin (1870-1924): Call to Power, Oct 24, 1917
  • Hymn to Stalin, The cult of personality.
  • The Soviet Purges: Official Explanation, 1936
  • Nikita Krushchev: Secret Speech, 1956
  • The Brezhnev Doctrine, November, 1968
  • Sam Marcy: The Collapse of the USSR and the Destiny of Socialism, [At CMU]
• World War II
  • Benito Mussolini (1883-1945): What is Fascism?, 1932
  • The 25 Points, 1920 An early Nazi program.
  • Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, Aug 29, 1939
  • Neville Chamberlain: Peace in Our Time, 1938
  • Vyacheslav Molotov (1889-1986): Broadcast Speech on the Invasion of The Soviet Union, June 22, 1941
  • The Nanking Massacre, The New York Times, December 18, 1937
  • Hiroshima Survivor's Accounts,[At OBI]
  • Winston S. Churchill, "Blood, Toil, Tears and Sweat" Speech, 1940
  • Martin Luther (1483-1546): The Jews and Their Lies 1543 [At Medieval Sourcebook]
  • Adolf Hitler: First Antisemitic Writing, September 16, 1919, [At HNet]
  • Adolf Hitler: On Antisemitism in Vienna, 1925, [At HNet][From Mein Kampf]
  • The Nazi Marking/Idenification System [At HistoryPlace]
  • Heinrich Himmler: Speech to SS Group Leaders at Posen, October 4 1943 , [At HistoryPlace]
  • Hermann Friedrich Graebe: Account of Holocaust Mass Shooting,, 1942
  • Rudolf Hoess, Commandant of Auschwitz: Testimony, 1946
  • Daniel J. Goldhagen: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust, [At HistoryPlace] [Modern Opinion Piece]
  • Adolf Hitler: Order Authorizing Involuntary Euthanasia in Germany, October 1939, [At Hnet]
  • Gypsies in the Holocaust
  • Heinrich Himmler: On Homosexuals, [At PWH]
  • Para. 175,[At PWH] The Nazi laws on homosexual activity.
  • Hans Heger [pseud.]: Daily Life in a Camp, from The Men with the Pink Triangles, [At CMU] (Note: Heger is the name of the journalist who wrote the book. The "hero" of the book remains anonymous).
  • Pierre Seel: The Death of His Lover [At PWH]
  • UN Resolution 260- On Genocide, 1948
  • François Ponchaud, Cambodia: Year Zero, 1978
• Cold War
  • United Nations Charter, 1945, [At Yale]
  • Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948
  • Winston S. Churchill: "Iron Curtain" Speech, 1946
  • Joseph Stalin: Response to Churchill's Iron Curtain Speech, 1946
  • The Truman Doctrine, 1947
  • President John F. Kennedy: Inaugural Address, 1961
  • Margaret Thatcher: Christianity and Wealth, Speech made to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland, May 21, 1988
• The Ending of Western Hegemony
  • Mohandas K. Gandhi : Indian Home Rule, 1909, [At WSU]
  • Jawaharlal Nehru (1889-1964): Marxism, Capitalism and Non-Alignment, 1941, 1956
  • Mao Zedong: In Commemoration of the 28th Anniversary of the Communist Party of China, June 30, 1949
  • Kwame Nkrumah (1909-1972): I Speak of Freedom, 1961
  • A.L. Geyer: The Case for Apartheid, 1953
  • Bishop Demond Tutu (1931-): The Question of South Africa, 1984
  • The Balfour Declaration, 1917
  • Israeli Declaration of Independence, 1948, [At Yale]
  • The Palestinian National Charter, 1968, [At Yale]
• Continued Struggles for Human Rights
  • George Wallace: The Civil Rights Movement: Fraud Sham and Hoax,, July 5, 1964
  • Robert F. Kennedy: Speech on the Death of Martin Luther King,, April 4, 1968
  • Homosexuals in Government, 1950. [At UPenn]
  • Jerry Lisker, Homo Nest Raided: Queen Bees are Stinging. Daily News (New York), July 6, 1969 [At CMU],
  • Gay Liberation Front (London): Manifesto, 1971 (rev. 1979), [At PWH]
• What Does It All Mean
  • Paul Tillich: The Courage to Be, 1952
  • Malcolm X: On His Pilgrimmage to Mecca, [At Unn.UK]

 

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created 9/11/1998/revised 2/1/1999