Begging the question: 

When you treat an opinion that's open to question as if it were already proved or disproved. 

The library's expenses should be reduced by cutting subscriptions to the library's useless periodicals. 

This statement begs the question, to whom are these subscriptions useless? Are they really useless? 

Non sequiter: 

This phrase comes from Latin. It means " it does not follow". In other words, this fallacy is the  linking together of  two or more ideas that have no logical connection. 

Have you ever seen the car commercial with the Jeep presented at the top of a great cliff with a waterfall in the background?  Obviously, the scenery has nothing to do the car's performance.  Can that Jeep really climb to the top of that cliff to reach that waterfall? The car manufacturer that makes that Jeep would like you think so, but, in reality, those two images really have no connection. 

Appeal to reader's fear or pity: 

This manipulation of emotions sounds similar to pathos.  The object is to inspire fear or pity in readers or listeners rather than attempting to affect their reasoning. 

She should not have to pay rent because she is old woman with no friends or relatives to support her. 

You should recycle the trash because if you don't Ill drop you in the recycling bins. 

It's obvious that the first is an appeal to pity. Should she not have to pay rent just because she is old and alone? Perhaps she is a wealthy widow! 

The second is a blatant  appeal to fear. The threat of bodily harm is a good and logical reason to recycle? 

Bandwagon: 

A bandwagon fallacy invites listeners and readers to accept a premise or to take action just because it seems that everyone else does. 

Everyone is drinking Jookz Cola, and so should you.   

This one reminds me of the immortal words of mom: "Just because everyone is jumping off the bridge,  should you jump too?" 

Ad Hominum: 

Translated from the Latin, this phrase means "to the man". When you attack the qualities or character of a person rather than the opposing the issue, you are committing an "Ad Hominum".  This is simply a distraction from the real issue. 

You're only arguing that the Earth is flat because you have money riding on the outcome.   

Red Herring: 

Here's a great way to remember this fallacy:  a Red Herring is a smelly fish. Throw a smelly fish into the middle of any room full of people, and all eyes and noses will turn away from whatever important task they were engaged in to notice this smelly and ugly intrusion. Thus, a Red Herring fallacy is a diversionary tacit intended to draw attention away from the real issue. 

People often complain that the police are overpaid and under worked, however, I'd like to point out that crime has decreased this year by close to 40%. 

What has the decrease in crime rate to do with the fact that the police are overpaid?   

Hasty Generalization: 

When you commit a Hasty Generalization, you are making an assumption on the basis of inadequate evidence. 

People who care about the environment always recycle trash. 

Well, some people who do care about the environment don't always have the option of recycling.   

Reductive Fallacy:

A Reductive Fallacy tends to oversimplify the relationship between cause and effect.   

Poverty causes crime. 

If this is true, then why aren't all poor people criminals? 

Appeal to Ignorance: 

Assume that something is true just because no one proves it false or vice versa. 

Space aliens exist because no one has proved otherwise. 

False Cause: 

A False Cause Fallacy draws an inaccurate conclusion about the cause of some incident. 

I ate Fruit Loops for breakfast today and got hit by a bus on the way to work. The same thing happened yesterday. I better not eat any more Fruit Loops! 

Isn't it possible that there were other reasons that this person was hit by a bus? Perhaps her/she never looks both ways before crossing the street! 

The Either-Or Fallacy : 

This isn't fallacious when there really are only two options:

We will have either rice or peas. 

The Either-Or Fallacy presents only two options to an issue when there are really more options available. 

Either you support the handgun bill or we can just give kids semi-automatics to shoot each other. 

Circular Reasoning: 

Circular Reasoning occurs when stating in one's proof that which one is supposed to be proving. 

Boxing is a dangerous sport because people get hurt while boxing.