WORLD VALUES SURVEY, 1981-1984 AND 1990-1993
(ICPSR 6160)
Principal Investigator
World Values Study Group
First ICPSR Release
August 1994
Inter-university Consortium for
Political and Social Research
P.O. Box 1248
Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106
BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATION
Publications based on ICPSR data collections should
acknowledge those sources by means of bibliographic
citations. To ensure that such source attributions are
captured for social science bibliographic utilities,
citations must appear in footnotes or in the reference
section of publications. The bibliographic citation for
this data collection is:
World Values Study Group. WORLD VALUES SURVEY,
1981-1984 AND 1990-1993 [Computer file]. ICPSR
version. Ann Arbor, MI: Institute for Social
Research [producer], 1994. Ann Arbor, MI:
Inter-university Consortium for Political and
Social Research [distributor], 1994.
REQUEST FOR INFORMATION ON USE OF ICPSR RESOURCES
To provide funding agencies with essential information
about use of archival resources and to facilitate the
exchange of information about ICPSR participants'
research activities, users of ICPSR data are requested to
send to ICPSR bibliographic citations for each completed
manuscript or thesis abstract. Please indicate in a cover
letter which data were used.
DATA DISCLAIMER
The original collector of the data, ICPSR, and the
relevant funding agency bear no responsibility for uses
of this collection or for interpretations or inferences
based upon such uses.
DATA COLLECTION DESCRIPTION
World Values Study Group
WORLD VALUES SURVEY, 1981-1984 AND 1990-1993 (ICPSR 6160)
SUMMARY: This data collection is designed to enable crossnational
comparison of values and norms in a wide variety of areas and to
monitor changes in values and attitudes of mass publics in 45
societies around the world. Broad topics covered are work, the
meaning and purpose of life, family life, and contemporary social
issues. Respondents were asked to rate the importance of work,
family, friends, leisure time, politics, and religion in their
lives. They were also asked how satisfied they were with their
present lives, whether they tended to persuade others close to
them, whether they discussed political matters, and how they viewed
society. Questions relating to work included what aspects were
important to them in a job, the pride they took in their work,
their satisfaction with the present job, and their views on
owner/state/employee management of business. Respondents were asked
about the groups and associations they belonged to and which ones
they worked for voluntarily, the level of trust they had in most
people, the groups they would not want as neighbors, their general
state of health, and whether they felt they had free choice and
control over their lives. A wide range of items was included on the
meaning and purpose of life, such as respondents' views on the
value of scientific advances, the demarcation of good and evil, and
religious behavior and beliefs. Respondents were queried about
whether they shared the same attitudes toward religion, morality,
politics, and sexual mores with their partner and parents, their
views on marriage and divorce, qualities important for a child to
learn, whether a child needs both parents to grow up happy, views
on mothers working outside the home, views on abortion, and whether
marriage is an outdated institution. Questions regarding political
issues probed for respondents' opinions of various forms of
political action and the likelihood of their taking an action, the
most important aims for their countries, confidence in various
civil and governmental institutions, and whether they felt divorce,
abortion, suicide, cheating on taxes, lying, and other such actions
were ever justified. Additional information was gathered on family
income, number of people residing in the home, size of locality,
home ownership, region of residence, occupation of the head of
household, and the respondent's age, sex, occupation, education,
religion, religiosity, political party and union membership, and
left-right political self-placement.
UNIVERSE: Adults 18 and over in the mass publics of 45 societies
around the world.
SAMPLING: Both national random and quota sampling were used. The
populations of India, China, and Nigeria, as well as rural areas
and the illiterate population, were undersampled.
NOTE: A Microsoft Word 5.0 version of the machine-readable
documentation is available on diskette and for FTP (File Transfer
Protocol).
EXTENT OF COLLECTION: 1 data file + machine-readable documentation
(text) + SAS data definition statements + SPSS data definition
statements
EXTENT OF PROCESSING: MDATA.PR/ DDEF.ICPSR/ REFORM.ICPSR/
REFORM.DOC
DATA FORMAT: Logical Record Length with SAS and SPSS data
definition statements
Part 1: Main Data File Part 2: SAS Data Definition
File Structure: rectangular Statements
Cases: 89,908 Record Length: 79
Variables: 379
Record Length: 448
Records Per Case: 1
RELATED PUBLICATIONS:
Ester, Peter, Loek Halman, and Ruud deMoor (eds.). THE
INDIVIDUALIZING SOCIETY. Tilburg: Tilburg University Press, 1993.
Inglehart, Ronald. CULTURAL SHIFT. Princeton, NJ: Princeton
University Press, 1990.
Inglehart, Ronald. MODERNIZATION AND POSTMODERNIZATION: THE
TRAJECTORY OF INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY (forthcoming).
CODEBOOK FOR 1981-1984 AND 1990-1993 WORLD VALUES SURVEYS
prepared by
Ronald Inglehart
Institute for Social Research
University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, Michigan
This codebook documents data from the 43-nation World Values
survey carried out in 1990-1993, and the 24-nation World Values
survey carried out in 1981-1984. Since the 1990s survey
replicates many key items from the 1980s survey, the two sets of
surveys are integrated into a single dataset: a given variable
number can be used to analyze data from both waves of the study,
facilitating comparisons across time. One can also use one
variable number to generate comparisons across 43 societies
around the world.
This study provides a much broader range of variation than
has ever before been available for analyzing the values and
attitudes of mass publics. The 1990-93 surveys were carried out
in 43 societies representing almost 70 per cent of the world's
population and covering the full range of variation, from
societies with per capita incomes as low as $300 per year, to
societies with per capita incomes as high as $30,000 per year;
and from long-established democracies with market economies, to
ex-socialist states and authoritarian states. The 1981-1984
surveys provide time series data for 22 of these societies,
enabling us to analyze the changes in values and attitudes that
took place during the years between the two sets of surveys.
Analysis of these surveys demonstrates that there are
powerful linkages between belief systems and political and
socioeconomic variables, such as democracy or economic growth
rates. It also demonstrates coherent and to some extent
predictable patterns of change in certain values and attitudes,
as publications based on these data demonstrate.
Organization of the World Values Surveys
The World Values Surveys grew out of a study launched by the
European Values Systems Study Group (EVSSG) under the leadership
of Jan Kerkhofs and Ruud de Moor, with an advisory commiteee
consisting of Gordon Heald, Juan Linz, Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann,
Jacques Rabier and Helene Riffault. In 1981, the EVSSG carried
out surveys in ten West European societies; it evoked such
widespread interest that it was replicated in 14 additional
countries, with Gordon Heald coordinating fieldwork outside
Europe.
Findings from these surveys suggested that predictable
cultural changes were taking place: many variables showing large
intergenerational differences, and were strongly correlated with
Postmaterialist values. To monitor possible changes, a new wave
of surveys was designed, building on findings from the first
wave, but this time designed to be carried out globally. The
second wave of surveys was designed and coordinated by the
following steering committee: Ruud de Moor, chair; Jan Kerkhofs,
co-chair; Karel Dobbelaere, Loek Halman, Stephen Harding, Felix
Heunks, Ronald Inglehart, Renate Koecher, Jacques Rabier and Noel
Timms. Ronald Inglehart organized the surveys in non-European
countries and in several East European countries.
Most of the first wave World Values surveys were carried out
in Spring, 1981, but fieldwork for the South Korean survey took
place in 1982 and fieldwork for the Argentine survey was in 1984.
Similarly, most of the second wave surveys were carried out in
1990, but two (the Swiss and Polish surveys) completed their
fieldwork in 1989; and two surveys (those in Russia and Turkey)
were completed in early 1991, while another (in Slovenia) was
carried out in early 1992 and still another (in Romania) was
carried out in Spring, 1993.
Sampling, Fieldwork and Principal Investigators for the 1990
Surveys
Survey organizations, sample sizes, fieldwork period and the
principal investigators for each country are shown below. If not
otherwise noted, the investigator is affiliated with the
institution that carried out fieldwork:
ARGENTINA--Instituto Gallup de la Argentina (Buenos Aires)
N=1001; February-April, 1991. Principal investigator, Marita
Carballo de Cilley, Catholic University of Argentina.
AUSTRIA--Fessel + GFK Institut (Vienna) N=1460; June-July, 1990.
Principal investigators, Paul Zulehner, Christian Friesl,
University of Vienna.
BELARUS--Institute of Sociology, Belarus Academy of Sciences
(Minsk) N=1015; October-November, 1990. Principal investigator,
Andrei Vardomatski.
BELGIUM -- Dimaraso-Gallup, Belgium (Brussels) N=2,792; June,
1990. Principal investigators, Jan Kerkhofs and Karel
Dobbelaere, University of Leuven; and Jacques-Rene Rabier,
formerly of the Commission of the European Communities.
BRAZIL--Instituto Gallup de Opiniao Publica (Sao Paolo) N=1782;
October, 1991-January, 1992. Principal investigator, Carlos
Eduardo Meirelles Matheus.
BRITAIN -- Gallup (London) N=1,484; June-September, 1990.
Principal investigators, David Barker, Stephen Harding, Gordon
Heald, and Noel Timms, University of Leicester.
BULGARIA--National Public Opinion Center (Sofia) N=1034; August,
1990. Principal investigators, Andrei Raichev, Kancho Stoichev.
CANADA -- Gallup-Canada (Toronto) N=1730; May-June, 1990.
Principal investigators Neil Nevitte, University of Calgary and
Ronald Inglehart, University of Michigan.
CHILE --Centro de Estudios de la Realidad Contemporanea
(Santiago) N=1500; May, 1990. Principal investigators, Carlos
Huneeus and Marta Lagos, Academia de Humanismo Cristiano.
CHINA--China Statistical Information Center (Beijing), N=1000;
July-December, 1990. Principal investigators Jiang Xingrong and
Xiang Zongde.
CZECHOSLOVAKIA -- Association for Independent Social Analysis
(Prague) N=1396; September, 1990. Principal investigators,
Vladimir Rak, Marek Boguszak and Ivan Gabal, Association for
Independent Social Analysis, and Blanka Filipcova, Institute of
Sociology, Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences.
DENMARK --Socialforskningsinstituttet (Danish National Institute
of Social Research),(Copenhagen) N=1030; April-May, 1990.
Principal investigators, Ole Riis and Peter Gundelach, University
of Aarhus.
ESTONIA--Mass Communication Research and Information Center
(Tallinn) N=1008; June-August, 1990. Principal investigators,
Mikk Titma, Andrus Saar; and Hans-Dieter Klingemann.
FINLAND --Suomen Gallup [Gallup-Finland] (Helskinki) N=588;
April, 1990. Principal investigators, Leila Lotti and Juhani
Pehkonen.
FRANCE -- Faits et Opinions (Paris) N= 1,002; June-July, 1990.
Principal investigator, Helene Riffault.
(EAST) GERMANY -- Institut fuer Demoskopie (Allensbach) N=1,336;
Fall, 1990. Principal investigators, Renate Koecher, Elisabeth
Noelle-Neumann.
(WEST) GERMANY -- Institut fuer Demoskopie (Allensbach) N=2,201;
June-July, 1990. Principal investigators, Renate Koecher,
Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann.
HUNGARY--Gallup, Hungary (Budapest) N=999; May-June, 1990.
Principal investigators Elemer Hankiss and Robert Manchin, Center
for Value Sociology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences.
ICELAND --University of Iceland, Social Science Research
Institute, N=702; April, 1990. Principal investigators, Stefan
Olafsson and Fridrik Jonsson.
INDIA--Indian Institute of Public Opinion (New Delhi) N=2500;
July-December, 1990. Principal investigators, Eric de Costa
and V.P. Madhok.
IRELAND -- Economic and Social Research Institute (Dublin)
N=1,000; July-October, 1990. Principal investigator, Michael
Fogarty.
NORTHERN IRELAND -- N=304; July-September, 1990. Principal
investigators, David Barker, Stephen Harding, Gordon Heald, Noel
Timms.
ITALY -- Centro internazionale di recerche sociali sulle aree
montane (Trento) N=2,010; October-November, 1990. Principal
investigator, Renzo Gubert, University of Trento.
JAPAN -- Nippon Research Center Ltd. [Gallup-Japan] (Tokyo)
N=1011; September, 1990. Principal investigator, Kenji Iijima,
Nippon Research Center and Yuji Fukuda and Seiko Yamakazi, Dentsu
Institute for Human Studies.
SOUTH KOREA -- Ewha University (Seoul) N=1251; June-July, 1990.
Principal investigator, Soo Young Auh, Ewha University.
LATVIA--Public Opinion Research Group, Latvian Sociological
Association (Riga) N=903; June-August, 1990. Principal
investigators, Brigita Zepa, Hans-Dieter Klingemann.
LITHUANIA-- Vilnius State University Sociological Laboratory
(Vilnius) N=1000; June-August, 1990. Principal investigators,
Rasa Alishauskiene, Hans-Dieter Klingemann.
MEXICO -- Market and Opinion Research International [MORI de
Mexico] (Mexico City) N=1531; May, 1990. Principal
investigators, Miguel Basanez, Instituto Tecnologico Autonomo de
Mexico and Ronald Inglehart.
MOSCOW--Institute of Sociology, Soviet Academy of Sciences
(Moscow) N=1012; October-November, 1990. Principal investigator
Elena Bashkirova, Vladimir Yadov.
NETHERLANDS -- Institut voor Sociaal-Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek
(Tilburg) N=1,017; June-August, 1990. Principal investigators,
Ruud de Moor, Felix Heunks, Loek Halman, University of Tilburg.
NIGERIA -- Research and Marketing Services, Ltd. [Gallup-Nigeria]
(Lagos) N=939; May-June, 1990. Principal investigators Kareem
Tejumola and Ronald Inglehart.
NORWAY --survey division of Norwegian Central Bureau of
Statistics (Oslo) N=1239; April-June, 1990. Principal
investigator, Ola Listhaug, University of Trondheim
POLAND -- Osrodek Badania Opinii Publicznej [survey unit of
Polish Radio-Television] (Warsaw) N= 938; November-December,
1989. Principal investigator, Renata Siemienska, University of
Warsaw.
PORTUGAL -- EuroExpansao, S.A. (Lisbon) N=1,185; May-July, 1990.
Principal investigators Luis de Franca, Jorge Vala and J.C.
Jesumo, Instituto de Estudios para o Desenvolvimento.
RUSSIA--Institute for Social and Political Research, Soviet
Academy of Sciences (Moscow) N=1961; January, 1991. Principal
investigator Vladimir Andreyenkov.
ROMANIA--Institute for Research on Quality of Life, Romanian
Academy of Sciences (Bucharest) N=1103; Spring, 1993. Principal
Investigators, Catalin Zamfir, Nicolae Lotreanu and Mattei Dogan.
SLOVENIA--Center for Public Opinion Research, University of
Ljubljana N=1035; February, 1992. Principal investigator, Niko
Tos.
SOUTH AFRICA--Markinor (Johannesburg) N=2736; October-November,
1990. Principal investigator Christine Woessner.
SPAIN--DATA, Madrid N=2,637; April-May, 1990. Principal
investigators, Francisco Andres Orizo, Javier Elzo, Deusto
University.
SPAIN -- Analisis Sociologicas, Economicos Y Politicos (ASEP)
Madrid. N=1,510; May, 1990. Principal investigator, Juan Diez
Nicolas, Complutense University, Madrid.
SWEDEN --Svenska Institutet for Opinionsundersokingar
(SIFO)[Gallup-Sweden] (Stockholm) N=1047; April-May, 1990.
Principal investigator, Thorleif Petterson, University of Uppsala
SWITZERLAND--ISOPUBLIC, Institut Suisse d'Opinion Publique
(Zurich) N=1400; November 1988-February, 1989. Principal
investigator, Anna Melich, University of Geneva and Commission,
European Community.
TURKEY-- Bogazici University, Department of Political Science
(Istanbul) N=1030; November, 1990 - January, 1991. Principal
investigators Ustun Erguder, Yilmaz Esmer, Ersin Kalaycioglu.
U.S.A.-- The Gallup Organization (Princeton) N=1,839; May-June,
1990. Principal investigators, Alec Gallup, George Gallup and
Max Larsen, The Gallup Organization and Ronald Inglehart,
University of Michigan.
This study was carried out with limited funds, with
fieldwork supported by sources within the given country in most
cases. Almost inevitably, the quality of the sample varies from
one society to another, since both available funding and survey
research infrastructure are limited in many of the societies
included here. While hundreds or thousands of surveys are
carried out each year in advanced industrial societies, in some
of these societies only a handful of nation-wide surveys had ever
been carried out prior to this one; and in one country (Belarus)
this was the first national survey ever executed. This is a
drawback which we were willing to accept in order to obtain
insight into the ways in which human values vary in global
perspective. The alternative would have been to limit ourselves
to insights about the worldviews of people in rich countries and
long-established democracies. In some of the settings included
here, survey research is complicated by the difficulties of
interviewing people living in geographically inaccessible areas;
or by the lack of administrative infrastructure (in Nigeria, for
example, no national survey had been carried out for decades, at
the time of the survey); or by the difficulties of interviewing
illiterate members of the public. Obtaining an optimal sample
under these conditions would have cost far more than the limited
funds that were available, and we placed a high priority on
obtaining a global perspective. Thus, though surveys carried out
in Nigeria, China and India are nation-wide in scope, their
samples are based mainly on the urban, literate population, who
constitute 90 per cent of those interviewed. Though these
samples are not comparable to those from advanced industrial
societies, we believe that the results are in the right ballpark.
We hope they will serve as useful pilot studies for more amply
funded waves of globally-oriented research in the future.
Representative national samples were interviewed in all
cases except for sub-national surveys in Northern Ireland and the
greater Moscow region (which was surveyed in addition to the
entire Russian republic); and in 1981, a survey was carried out
in the Tambov region of the Russian republic. The quality of the
samples varies from country to country. Surveys in Western
countries were carried out by professional survey organizations
with a great deal of experience, most of them members of the
Gallup chain. In Eastern Europe they were carried out by the
respective national academies of sciences or university-based
institutes, some of which had carried out few previous surveys.
All of these surveys were carried out through face to face
interviews, with a sampling universe consisting of all adult
citizens, ages 18 and older. Apart from the regional samples
mentioned above, national samples were used except in the
following cases: In Chile, the sample covers the central portion
of the country, which contains 63% of the total population; the
income level of this region is about 40% higher than the national
average. In Argentina, sampling was limited to the urbanized
central portion of the country, where about 70 per cent of the
population is concentrated, and which also has above-average
incomes. Within this region, 200 sampling points were selected,
with approximately five individuals being interviewed in each
sampling point through multi-stage probability sampling moving
through zones, sections and dwellings to individuals. In India,
the sample was stratified to allocate 90% of the interviews to
urban areas and 10% to rural areas; and to have 90% of the
respondents with literate respondents (who are slightly less than
50% of the population); in Nigeria, the fieldwork was limited to
urban areas plus a sample of rural areas within 100 kilometers of
an urban center; and in China the sample is 90 per cent urban.
The samples have been weighted accordingly (see the note on V402,
below). In both 1981 and 1990, the samples from both the United
States and South Africa were stratified by race, overrepresenting
minority races. The weight variable corrects for this. The
Swiss survey is stratified by language group, producing a sample
that overrepresents the French-speaking and Italian-speaking
groups; to obtain a nationally representative sample, the weight
variable should be used.
The surveys from low income countries tend to have larger
error margins than those from other countries. The samples from
India, Nigeria and China by design undersampled the illiterate
portion of the public and oversampled the urban areas and the
more educated strata. Since the oversampled groups tend to have
orientations relatively similar to those found in industrial
societies, our data probably underestimate the size of cross-
national differences involving these countries; nevertheless,
these three countries frequently show very distinctive
orientations. The present dataset is weighted to correct for
these (and other) features of sampling; but it would be
unrealistic to view the samples from these three countries as
fully comparable to those from advanced industrial societies.
Nevertheless, we view these societies as extremely important,
from both substantive and theoretic perspectives; though
obtaining random probability samples from them would require far
more funding than was available for this project, we accorded a
high priority to including them, and were willing to accept a
higher error margin than is present elsewhere, in order to
include them.
Fieldwork was carried out by professional survey research
organizations in all countries except South Korea and Turkey,
where sampling was designed by faculty and interviewing was
executed by students from Ewha University and Bogazici
University, respectively. In most cases, stratified multi-stage
random sampling was used, with the samples being selected in two
stages. First, a random selection of sampling locations was made
ensuring that all types of location were represented in
proportion to their population. Next, a random selection of
individuals was drawn up. In Great Britain, Northern Ireland,
Italy and the Republic of Ireland, individuals were selected from
electoral rolls; in Slovenia they were selected from a central
registry of citizens. In Norway, Sweden and Denmark, stratified
random samples were interviewed, with response rates averaging
71%. The U.S. and Canada used stratified random samples, with
three call backs. The Japanese used a stratified multi-stage
random sample, drawing names from records maintained by local
government agencies; completed interviews were obtained with 62
per cent of the individuals drawn. In most other countries,
selection was made by quota sampling with quotas assigned on the
basis of sex, age, occupation and region, using census data as a
guide to the distribution of each group in the population. The
Chinese survey used stratified multi-stage random sampling, first
stratifying the provinces according to three levels of economic
development, with several provinces being randomly selected
within each of these strata. Within each province, approximately
20 sampling points were selected randomly, with five individuals
being interviewed at each point. The population was stratified
according to rural-urban residence, sex, age, occupation and
education, and within these sampling points, each stratum was
sampled by quota, with a 10 per cent subsample of illiterate
persons. The Indian survey was stratified to cover 14 states
representing different geographic and socioeconomic regions of
the country, with 2,500 interviews distributed among these states
in proportion to their population. Within these 14 states, about
10 per cent of the Parliamentary Constituencies were selected and
50 interviews allocated to each one. The interviews were then
stratified according to town size, allocating 90 per cent to
urban areas, but stratifying according to population within the
urban sample. A quota sample was then designed which is
representative in terms of age and sex, but not education, since
the sample design called for 90% of the interviews to be carried
out with the literate part of the public. Within this segment,
interviews were stratified according to education. Interviews
were carried out in the eight most widely-spoken langugages of
India, but the rural 10 per cent of the sample was confined to
the five Hindi-speaking states in the sample. The Nigerian
sample was stratified in a similar fashion, with 90 per cent of
the interviews being carried out with the urban and literate
segments of the population. It was then stratified by age, sex
and education, within 17 provinces representing the major ethnic
groups in the country. Most surveys in these countries
undersample rural and illiterate respondents, who tend to give
large numbers of "don't know" responses. Our samples from all
three low-income countries underrepresent the rural and
illiterate segments of the population; though the samples have
been weighted accordingly, this compensates imperfectly. These
samples do provide representative coverage of the various
regions, cultural groups, age and gender groups.
Apart from the response rates mentioned above, most of the
participating institutes did not report response rates. Using a
probability sample, the Slovenian group reports an impressive 87%
response rate. The highest rate was reported by the Czech group,
which drew a quota sample of 1,450 interviews stratified by sex,
age, education, region and size of community, within 303 randomly
selected sampling points; they obtained 1,396 completed
interviews, for a remarkably high response rate of 96%. The
Romanians used a pure quota sample, stratified by age, sex,
occupation, and size of the community within each of nine regions
of the country. They report that, despite the lengthy interview,
the number of those who refused to be interviewed was "very
small."
These data were assembled, cleaned, integrated and
documented by Ronald Inglehart with funding from a National
Science Foundation grant (SES-91-22433). He thanks Georgia
Aktan, Julio Borquez, Jin-yun Liu, Judith Ottmar and Bettina
Schroeder for their dedicated assistance in this project.
Preliminary list of publications based on the 1990-1991 World
Values Survey.
Sheena Ashford and Noel Timms, What Europe Thinks: A Study of
European Values. Aldershot, England: Dartmouth Publishing Co.,
1992.
Paul Abramson and Ronald Inglehart, Value Change in Global
Perspective. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1995
(forthcoming).
Paul Abramson and Ronald Inglehart, "Education, Security and
Postmaterialism," American Journal of Political Science 38,3
August, 1994 (forthcoming).
Diez Nicolas, Juan and Ronald Inglehart (eds.), Cambios en los
Valores Sociales y Politicos: Una Perspectiva Global (Madrid:
Complutense University Press, 1994.
Peter Ester, Loek Halman and Ruud de Moor (eds.) The
Individualizing Society: Value Change in Europe and North America.
(Tilburg, The Netherlands: Tilburg University Press, 1993).
Gubert, Renzo (ed.) Persitenze e Mutamenti dei Valori degli
Italiana nel Contesto Europea (Trento: Reverdito Edizioni, 1992).
Ronald Inglehart and Paul Abramson "Economic Security and
Value Change," American Political Science Review June, 1994: 336-
354.
Ronald Inglehart, Neil Nevitte and Miguel Basanez Cultural
Change in North America? Closer Economic, Political and Cultural
Ties between the United States, Canada and Mexico, forthcoming.
Spanish edition, Convergencia en Norteamerica, (Mexico City: Siglo
XXI, 1994).
Ronald Inglehart, Culture Shift in Advanced Industrial Society
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990).
Ronald Inglehart, Modernization and Postmodernization:
Cultural Change and Socioeconomic Change (forthcoming).
Melich, Anna (ed.), Les Valeurs des Suisses (Berne: Lange,
1991).
Orizo, Francisco Andres and Alejandro Sanchez Fernandez, El
Sistema de Valors dels Catalans (Barcelona: Institut Catala
d'Estudis Mediterranis, 1993).
Riffault, Helene (ed.), Les Valeurs des Francais (Paris:
Presses Universitaires de France, 1994).
Voye, Liliana, Bernadette Bawin-Legros, Jan Kerkhofs and Karel
Dobbelaere, Belges, Hereux et Satisfaits (Brussels, 1993).
Zulehner, Paul and Herman Denz, Wie Europa Lebt und Glaubt
(Dusseldorf: Patmos, 1993).
Preliminary list of publications based on the 1990-1991 World
Values Survey.
Sheena Ashford and Noel Timms, What Europe Thinks: A Study of
European Values. Aldershot, England: Dartmouth Publishing Co.,
1992.
Paul Abramson and Ronald Inglehart, Value Change in Global
Perspective. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1995
(forthcoming).
Paul Abramson and Ronald Inglehart, "Education, Security and
Postmaterialism," American Journal of Political Science 38,3
August, 1994 (forthcoming).
Diez Nicolas, Juan and Ronald Inglehart (eds.), Cambios en los
Valores Sociales y Politicos: Una Perspectiva Global (Madrid:
Complutense University Press, 1994.
Peter Ester, Loek Halman and Ruud de Moor (eds.) The
Individualizing Society: Value Change in Europe and North America.
(Tilburg, The Netherlands: Tilburg University Press, 1993).
Gubert, Renzo (ed.) Persitenze e Mutamenti dei Valori degli
Italiana nel Contesto Europea (Trento: Reverdito Edizioni, 1992).
Ronald Inglehart and Paul Abramson "Economic Security and
Value Change," American Political Science Review June, 1994: 336-
354.
Ronald Inglehart, Neil Nevitte and Miguel Basanez Cultural
Change in North America? Closer Economic, Political and Cultural
Ties between the United States, Canada and Mexico, forthcoming.
Spanish edition, Convergencia en Norteamerica, (Mexico City: Siglo
XXI, 1994).
Ronald Inglehart, Culture Shift in Advanced Industrial Society
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990).
Ronald Inglehart, Modernization and Postmodernization:
Cultural Change and Socioeconomic Change (forthcoming).
Melich, Anna (ed.), Les Valeurs des Suisses (Berne: Lange,
1991).
Orizo, Francisco Andres and Alejandro Sanchez Fernandez, El
Sistema de Valors dels Catalans (Barcelona: Institut Catala
d'Estudis Mediterranis, 1993).
Riffault, Helene (ed.), Les Valeurs des Francais (Paris:
Presses Universitaires de France, 1994).
Voye, Liliana, Bernadette Bawin-Legros, Jan Kerkhofs and Karel
Dobbelaere, Belges, Hereux et Satisfaits (Brussels, 1993).
Zulehner, Paul and Herman Denz, Wie Europa Lebt und Glaubt
(Dusseldorf: Patmos, 1993).
WORLD VALUES SURVEY CODEBOOK
Country Codes and Number of Interviews in 1981 and 1990
1990-91 Surveys 1981 Surveys
Code Country N Code Country N
_________________________________________________________________
1 France 1,002 51 France81 1,200
2 Britain 1,484 52 Britain81 1,231
3 W. Germany 2,101 53 W. Germany81 1,305
4 Italy 2,010 54 Italy81 1,348
5 Netherlands 1,017 55 Netherlands81 1,221
6 Denmark 1,030 56 Denmark81 1,305
7 Belgium 2,792 57 Belgium81 1,348
8 Spain 4,147 58 Spain81 2,303
9 Ireland 1,000 59 Ireland81 1,217
10 N. Ireland 304 60 N. Ireland81 312
11 U.S.A. 1,839 61 U.S.A.81 2,325
12 Canada 1,730 62 Canada81 1,254
13 Japan 1,011 63 Japan81 1,204
14 Mexico 1,531 64 Mexico81 1,837
15 S. Africa 2,736 65 S. Africa81 1,596
16 Hungary 999 66 Hungary81 1,464
67 Australia81 1,228
18 Norway 1,239 68 Norway81 1,246
19 Sweden 1,047 69 Sweden81 954
70 Tambov81 1,262
21 Iceland 702 71 Iceland81 927
22 Argentina 1,002 72 Argentina81 1,005
23 Finland 588 73 Finland81 1,003
24 S.Korea 1,251 74 S. Korea81 970
25 Poland 938
26 Switzerland 1,400
28 Brazil 1,782
29 Nigeria 1,001 V1=STUDY NUMBER
30 Chile 1,500 V2=COUNTRY CODE
31 Belarus 1,015 V3=INTERVIEW NUMBER
32 India 2,500
33 Czech-Slovak 1,396 June, 1994 revision
34 E. Germany 1,336
35 Slovenia 1,035
36 Bulgaria 1,034
37 Romania 1,103
39 China 1,000
41 Portugal 1,185
42 Austria 1,460
44 Turkey 1,030
45 Moscow 1,012
46 Lithuania 1,000
47 Latvia 903
48 Estonia 1,008
50 Russia 1,961
WORLD VALUES SURVEY
1990 QUESTIONNAIRE
_________________________________________________________________
SHOW CARD A
Please say, for each of the following, how important it is in
your life.
Very Quite Not Very Not at all
Important Important Important Important DK
V 4 A) Work 1 2 3 4 9
V 5 B) Family 1 2 3 4 9
V 6 C) Friends, 1 2 3 4 9
acquaintances
V 7 D) Leisure 1 2 3 4 9
time
V 8 E) Politics 1 2 3 4 9
V 9 F) Religion 1 2 3 4 9
NOTE: Throughout these surveys, "0" is used as a Not Ascertained
(N.A.) code. With single-digit variables, "9" is also
occasionally used as a N.A. code.
V 10 When you get together with your friends, would you say you
discuss political matters frequently, occasionally or never?
* [INDICATES ITEMS ASKED IN BOTH 1981 and 1990 SURVEYS]
1 Frequently
2 Occasionally
3 Never
9 Don't know
V 11 When you yourself, hold a strong opinion, do you ever find
yourself persuading your friends, relatives or fellow workers to
share your views? IF SO, does it happen often, from time to
time, or rarely?
1 Often
2 From time to time
3 Rarely
4 Never
9 Don't know
SHOW CARD B
I am now going to read out some statements about the environment.
For each one I read out, can you tell me whether you agree
strongly, agree, disagree or strongly disagree? (READ OUT EACH
STATEMENT AND CODE AN ANSWER FOR EACH)
Strongly Strongly
Agree Agree Disagree Disagree DK
V 12 A) I would give part
of my income if I were
certain that the money
would be used to
prevent environmental
pollution 1 2 3 4 9
V 13 B) I would agree to
an increase in taxes if
the extra money is used
to prevent environmental
pollution 1 2 3 4 9
V 14 C) The Government has
to reduce environmental
pollution but it should
not cost me any money 1 2 3 4 9
V 15 D) All the talk about
pollution makes
people too anxious 1 2 3 4 9
V 16 E) If we want to combat
unemployment in this
country, we shall just
have to accept
environmental problems 1 2 3 4 9
V 17 F) Protecting the
environment and fighting
pollution is less urgent
than often suggested 1 2 3 4 9
V 18 Taking all things together, would you say you are...(READ
OUT, REVERSING ORDER FOR ALTERNATE CONTACTS)
*
1 Very happy
2 Quite happy
3 Not very happy
4 Not at all happy
9 Don't know
SHOW CARD C
Please look carefully at the following list of voluntary
organisations and activities and say...
a) which, if any, do you belong to?
(CODE ALL 'YES' ANSWERS UNDER (a))
b) which, if any, are you currently doing
unpaid voluntary work for?
(CODE ALL 'YES' ANSWERS UNDER (b))
* (a) (b)
Do unpaid
Belong to work for
V 19 A) Social welfare services for
elderly, handicapped or
deprived people 1 V 37 1
V 20 B) Religious or church organisations 1 V 38 1
V 21 C) Education, arts, music or
cultural activities 1 V 39 1
V 22 D) Trade unions 1 V 40 1
V 23 E) Political parties or groups 1 V 41 1
V 24 F) Local community action on issues
like poverty, employment, housing,
racial equality 1 V 42 1
V 25 G) Third world development
or human rights 1 V 43 1
V 26 H) Conservation, the environment,
ecology 1 V 44 1
V 27 I) Professional associations 1 V 45 1
V 28 J) Youth work (e.g. scouts,
guides, youth clubs, etc.) 1 V 46 1
V 29 K) Sports or recreation 1 V 47 1
V 30 L) Women's groups 1 V 48 1
V 31 M) Peace movement 1 V 49 1
V 32 N) Animal rights 1 V 50 1
V 33 O) Voluntary organisations
concerned with health 1 V 51 1
V 34 P) Other groups 1 V 52 1
V 35 None 1 V 53 -
V 36 Don't know 9 V 54 -
For V19 to V54, "1" indicates "mentioned, "2" indicates "not mentioned."
The Chinese questionnaire translated "Trade Unions" (V22 and V40)
as "Trading Associations," which was chosen by very few people.
"Professional Associations" was translated as "occupational
organizations," which evokes the (government-sponsored) labor
unions; thus, for China, V27 is functionally equivalent to V22.
The Swiss survey used the phrase, "charitable organization," for
"social welfare services" in V19 and V37.
SHOW CARD D
Thinking about your reasons for doing voluntary work, please use
the following five-point scale to indicate how important each of
the reasons below have been in your own case. (WHERE 1 IS
UNIMPORTANT AND 5 IS VERY IMPORTANT)
Very
Unimportant Important DK
V 55 A) A sense of solidarity with
the poor and disadvantaged 1 2 3 4 5 9
V 56 B) Compassion for those in need 1 2 3 4 5 9
V 57 C) An opportunity to repay
something, give something back 1 2 3 4 5 9
V 58 D) A sense of duty, moral
obligation 1 2 3 4 5 9
V 59 E) Identifying with
people who were suffering 1 2 3 4 5 9
V 60 F) Time on my hands, wanted
something worthwhile to do 1 2 3 4 5 9
V 61 G) Purely for personal
satisfaction 1 2 3 4 5 9
V 62 H) Religious beliefs 1 2 3 4 5 9
V 63 I) To help give disadvantaged
people hope and dignity 1 2 3 4 5 9
V 64 J) To make a contribution
to my local community 1 2 3 4 5 9
V 65 K) To bring about social
or political change 1 2 3 4 5 9
V 66 L) For social reasons, to
meet people 1 2 3 4 5 9
V 67 M) To gain new skills and
useful experience 1 2 3 4 5 9
V 68 N) I did not want to, but
could not refuse 1 2 3 4 5 9
SHOW CARD E
On this list are various groups of people. Could you please sort
out any that you would not like to have as neighbours? (CODE AN
ANSWER FOR EACH)
*
Mentioned Not Mentioned
V 69 A) People with a criminal record 1 2
V 70 B) People of a different race 1 2
V 71 C) Left wing extremists 1 2
V 72 D) Heavy drinkers 1 2
V 73 E) Right wing extremists 1 2
V 74 F) People with large families 1 2
V 75 G) Emotionally unstable people 1 2
V 76 H) Muslims 1 2
V 77 I) Immigrants/foreign workers 1 2
V 78 J) People who have AIDS 1 2
V 79 K) Drug addicts 1 2
V 80 L) Homosexuals 1 2
V 81 M) Jews 1 2
V 82 N) Hindus 1 2
The Slovenian survey and the Lithuanian, Latvian and Estonian
surveys asked about "Gypsies," rather than "Hindus," in V82.
The surveys in the Baltic countries asked about "extremists" (not
"Left-wing extremists") in V71, and about "people of other
nationalities" in V73.
V 83 All in all, how would you describe your state of health
these days? Would you say it is... (READ OUT REVERSING ORDER FOR
ALTERNATE CONTACTS)
*
1 Very good
2 Good
3 Fair
4 Poor
5 Very poor
9 Don't know
We are interested in the way people are feeling these days.
During the past few weeks, did you ever feel...(READ OUT AND MARK
ONE CODE FOR EACH STATEMENT)
*
YES NO
V 84 A) Particularly excited or interested in something 1 2
V 85 B) So restless you couldn't sit long in a chair 1 2
V 86 C) Proud because someone had complimented you on
something you had done 1 2
V 87 D) Very lonely or remote from other people 1 2
V 88 E) Pleased about having accomplished something 1 2
V 89 F) Bored 1 2
V 90 G) On top of the world/feeling that life is
wonderful 1 2
V 91 H) Depressed or very unhappy 1 2
V 92 I) That things were going your way 1 2
V 93 J) Upset because somebody criticized you 1 2
V 94 Generally speaking, would you say that most people can be
trusted or that you can't be too careful in dealing with people?
*
1 Most people can be trusted
2 Can't be too careful
9 Don't know
SHOW CARD F
V 95 Some people feel they have completely free choice and
control over their lives, and other people feel that what they do
has no real effect on what happens to them. Please use the scale
to indicate how much freedom of choice and control you feel you
have over the way your life turns out.
*
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
None at all A great deal
DK = 99
SHOW CARD G
V 96 All things considered, how satisfied are you with your life
as a whole these days? Please use this card to help with your
answer.
*
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Dissatisfied Satisfied
DK = 99
SHOW CARD H
V 97 Why are there people in this country who live in need? Here
are four possible reasons. Which one reason do you consider to be
most important? (CODE ONE UNDER (a) BEL0W) And which reason do
you consider to be the second most important? (CODE ONE UNDER (b)
BELOW)
V 97 (a) V 98 (b)
Most Second most
important important
Because they are unlucky 1 1
Because of laziness and lack of will power 2 2
Because there is injustice in our society 3 3
It's an inevitable part of modern progress 4 4
None of these 5 5
Don't know 9 9
India only: additional codes 6 and 8 refer to ascetic and
religious motivations.
SHOW CARD I
Here are some aspects of a job that people say are important.
Please look at them and tell me which ones you personally think
are important in a job? (CODE ALL MENTIONED)
Not
* Mentioned Mentioned
V 99 A) Good pay 1 2
V 100 B) Pleasant people to work with 1 2
V 101 C) Not too much pressure 1 2
V 102 D) Good job security 1 2
V 103 E) Good chances for promotion 1 2
V 104 F) A job respected by people in general 1 2
V 105 G) Good hours 1 2
V 106 H) An opportunity to use initiative 1 2
V 107 I) A useful job for society 1 2
V 108 J) Generous holidays 1 2
V 109 K) Meeting people 1 2
V 110 L) A job in which you feel you can
achieve something 1 2
V 111 M) A responsible job 1 2
V 112 N) A job that is interesting 1 2
V 113 O) A job that meets one's abilities 1 2
V 114 None of these 1 2
ASK ALL WORKING OTHERS SKIP TO V 118
How much pride, if any, do you take in the work that you do? READ
OUT
*
V 115 1 A great deal
2 Some
3 Little
4 None
9 Don't know
SHOW CARD J
Overall, how satisfied or dissatisfied are you with your job?
*
V 116 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Dissatisfied Satisfied
DK = 99
SHOW CARD K
How free are you to make decisions in your job? Please use this
card to indicate how much decision-making freedom you feel you
have.
*
V 117 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
None at all A great deal
DK = 99
ASK ALL
SHOW CARD L
Here are some statements about why people work. Irrespective of
whether you have a job, or not, which of them comes closest to
what you think?
Not
Mentioned Mentioned
V 118 1 2 Work is like a business transaction.
The more I get
paid, the more I do; the less I get
paid, the less I do
V 119 1 2 I will always do the best I can,
regardless of pay
V 120 1 2 Working for a living is a necessity; I
wouldn't work if
I didn't have to
V 121 1 2 I enjoy working but I don't let it
interfere with
the rest of my life
V 122 1 2 I enjoy my work; it's the most
important thing
in my life
V 123 1 2 I never had a paid job
V 124 1 2 Don't know
Imagine two secretaries, of the same age, doing practically the
same job. One finds out that the other earns $50 COUNTRIES OTHER
THAN U.K.: Please use own currency a week more than she does.
The better paid secretary, however, is quicker, more efficient
and more reliable at her job. In your opinion, is it fair or not
fair that one secretary is paid more than the other?
*
V 125 1 Fair
2 Unfair
9 Don't know
SHOW CARD M
There is a lot of discussion about how business and industry
should be managed. Which of these four statements comes closest
to your opinion? (CODE ONE ONLY)
*
V 126 1 The owners should run their business or appoint
the managers
2 The owners and the employees should participate in the
selection of managers
3 The government should be the owner and appoint the
managers
4 The employees should own the business and should elect
phe managers
9 Don't know
SHOW CARD N
People have different ideas about following instructions at work.
Some say that one should follow instructions of one's superiors
even when one does not fully agree with them. Others say that
one should follow one's superior's instructions only when one is
convinced that they are right. With which of these two opinions
do you agree?
*
V 127 1 Should follow instructions
2 Depends
3 Must be convinced first
9 Don't know
Do you agree or disagree with the following statements?
Agree Neither Disagree DK
V 128 A) When jobs are scarce, men have 1 2 3 9
more right to a job than women
V 129 B) When jobs are scarce, people
should be forced to retire early 1 2 3 9
V 130 C) When jobs are scarce, employers
should give priority to British
countries other than U.K.: please
substitute your nationality
people over immigrants 1 2 3 9
V 131 D) It is unfair to give work to
handicapped people when able-
bodied people can't find jobs 1 2 3 9
SHOW CARD O
How satisfied are you with the financial situation of your
household?
*
V 132 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Dissatisfied Satisfied
DK = 99
How often, if at all, do you think about the meaning and purpose
of life? (READ OUT IN REVERSE ORDER FOR ALTERNATE CONTACTS)
*
V 133 1 Often
2 Sometimes
3 Rarely
4 Never
9 Don't know
Do you ever think about death? Would you say ...
V 134 1 Often
2 Sometimes
3 Rarely
4 Never
9 Don't know
I am going to read out a list of statements about the meaning of
life. Please indicate whether you agree or disagree with each of
them. (READ OUT IN REVERSE ORDER FOR ALTERNATE CONTACTS)
Agree Disagree Neither DK
V 135 A) Life is meaningful only
because God exists 1 2 3 9
V 136 B) The meaning of life is that
you try to get the best out of it 1 2 3 9
V 137 C) Death is inevitable, it is
pointless to worry about it 1 2 3 9
V 138 D) Death has a meaning only if
you believe in God 1 2 3 9
V 139 E) If you have lived your life,
death is a natural resting point 1 2 3 9
V 140 F) In my opinion, sorrow and
suffering only have meaning
if you believe in God 1 2 3 9
V 141 G) Life has no meaning 1 2 3 9
SHOW CARD P
Here are two statements which people sometimes make when
discussing good and evil. Which one comes closest to your own
point of view?
*
V 142 A. There are absolutely clear guidelines about what is
good and evil. These always apply to everyone, whatever the
circumstances.
B. There can never be absolutely clear guidelines about
what is good and evil. What is good and evil depends entirely
upon the circumstances at the time.
1 Agree with statement A
2 Disagree with both
3 Agree with statement B
9 Don't know
V 143 a) Do you belong to a religious denomination?
*
1 Yes - GO TO b)
2 No - GO TO c)
b) (IF YES) Which one? (CODE UNDER (b) BELOW)
c) (IF NO) Were you ever a member of a religious denomination?
Which one? (CODE UNDER (c) BELOW)
V 144 (b) V 145 (c)
Religious
Denomination Before
Roman Catholic 1 1
Mainline Protestant 2 2
Fundamentalist Protestant 3 3
Jew 4 4
Muslim 5 5
Hindu 6 6
Buddhist 7 7
Other 8 8
Never - 0
No answer 9 9
NOTE: Japan, South Korea and many East European countries used
different codes from these. For these and other deviations from
the above, see V144 and V145 in section on NATION-SPECIFIC CODES,
below.
ASK ALL
V 146 Were you brought up religiously at home?
1 Yes
2 No
SHOW CARD Q
V 147 Apart from weddings, funerals and christenings, about how
often do you attend religious services these days?
*
1 More than once a week
2 Once a week
3 Once a month
4 Christmas/Easter day
5 Other specific holy days
6 Once a year
7 Less often
8 Never, practically never
Do you personally think it is important to hold a religious
service for any of the following events?
Yes No DK
V 148 A) Birth 1 2 9
V 149 B) Marriage 1 2 9
V 150 C) Death 1 2 9
Independently of whether you go to church or not, would you say
you are...(READ OUT REVERSING ORDER)
*
V 151 1 A religious person
2 Not a religious person
3 A convinced atheist
9 Don't know
Generally speaking, do you think that your church is giving, in
your country, adequate answers to ... (READ OUT AND CODE ONE
ANSWER FOR EACH)
*
YES NO DK
V 152 A) The moral problems and needs
of the individual 1 2 9
V 153 B) The problems of family life 1 2 9
V 154 C) People's spiritual needs 1 2 9
V 155 D) The social problems facing
our country today 1 2 9
Do you think it is proper for churches to speak out on:
YES NO DK
V 156 A) Disarmament 1 2 9
V 157 B) Abortion 1 2 9
V 158 C) Third World problems 1 2 9
V 159 D) Extramarital affairs 1 2 9
V 160 E) Unemployment 1 2 9
V 161 F) Racial discrimination 1 2 9
V 162 G) Euthanasia 1 2 9
V 163 H) Homosexuality 1 2 9
V 164 I) Ecology and environmental
issues 1 2 9
V 165 J) Government policy 1 2 9
Which, if any, of the following do you believe in? (READ OUT AND
CODE ONE ANSWER FOR EACH)
*
YES NO DK
V 166 A) God 1 2 9
V 167 B) Life after death 1 2 9
V 168 C) A soul 1 2 9
V 169 D) The Devil 1 2 9
V 170 E) Hell 1 2 9
V 171 F) Heaven 1 2 9
V 172 G) Sin 1 2 9
V 173 H) Resurrection of the dead 1 2 9
V 174 I) Re-incarnation 1 2 9
SHOW CARD R
Which of these statements comes closest to your beliefs?
(CODE ONE ANSWER ONLY)
*
V 175
1 There is a personal God
2 There is some sort of spirit or life force
3 I don't really know what to think
4 I don't really think there is any sort of spirit, God,
or life force
9 Not answered
SHOW CARD S
And how important is God in your life? Please use this card to
indicate - 10 means very important and 1 means not at all
important.
*
V 176 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Not at all Very
DK = 99
Do you find that you get comfort and strength from religion?
*
V 177 1 Yes
2 No
9 Don't know
Do you take some moments of prayer, meditation or contemplation
or something like that?
*
V 178 1 Yes
2 No
9 Don't know
How often do you pray to God outside of religious services? Would
you say...
V 179 1 Often
2 Sometimes
3 Hardly ever
4 Only in times of crisis
5 Never
9 Don't know
SHOW CARD T
Overall, how satisfied or dissatisfied are you with your home
life?
*
V 180 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Dissatisfied Satisfied
DK = 99
Are you currently ....(READ OUT AND CODE ONE ONLY)
*
V 181 1 Married
2 Living as married
3 Divorced
4 Separated
5 Widowed
6 Single
Have you been married before?
V 182 1 Yes - more than once
2 Yes - only once
3 No - never
NOTE: In the 1990 Dutch survey, V 182 was worded as: "How often
have you been married?" 1= once, 2=more than once, 3=more than
twice. This question gave rise to confusion in many countries;
it was not clear whether being married before meant "have you
ever been married?" or "have you ever been married before your
present marriage?"
ASK ALL EXCEPT SINGLES
Do (did) you and your partner share any of the following?
(READ OUT AND CODE ALL MENTIONED)
*
V 183 1 Attitudes towards religion
V 184 1 Moral attitudes
V 185 1 Social attitudes
V 186 1 Political attitudes
V 187 1 Sexual attitudes
V 188 1 None of these
V 189 1 Don't know
For V183-V196, code "2" indicates "not mentioned."
ASK ALL
And how about your parents? Do (did) you and your parents share
any of the following? (READ OUT AND CODE ALL MENTIONED)
*
V 190 1 Attitudes towards religion
V 191 1 Moral attitudes
V 192 1 Social attitudes
V 193 1 Political attitudes
V 194 1 Sexual attitudes
V 195 1 None of these
V 196 1 Don't know
If someone said that individuals should have the chance to enjoy
complete sexual freedom without being restricted, would you tend
to agree or disagree?
*
V 197 1 Tend to agree
2 Neither/it depends
3 Tend to disagree
9 Don't know
SHOW CARD U
Here is a list of things which some people think make for a
successful marriage. Please tell me, for each one, whether you
think it is very important, rather important or not very
important for a successful marriage:
* Very Rather Not very
Important Important Important
V 198 A) Faithfulness 1 2 3
V 199 B) An adequate income 1 2 3
V 200 C) Being of the same social
background 1 2 3
V 201 D) Mutual respect and appreciation 1 2 3
V 202 E) Shared religious beliefs 1 2 3
V 203 F) Good housing 1 2 3
V 204 G) Agreement on politics 1 2 3
V 205 H) Understanding and tolerance 1 2 3
V 206 I) Living apart from your in-laws 1 2 3
V 207 J) Happy sexual relationship 1 2 3
V 208 K) Sharing household chores 1 2 3
V 209 L) Children 1 2 3
V 210 M) Tastes and interests in common 1 2 3
Have you had any children? IF YES, how many?
*
V 211
0 No child - skip to V 213
1 1 child
2 2 children
3 3 children
4 4 children
5 5 children
6 6 children or more
9 No answer
How many of them are still living at home?
V 212
0 No child
1 1 child
2 2 children
3 3 children
4 4 children
5 5 children
6 6 children or more
9 No answer
ASK ALL
What do you think is the ideal size of the family - how many
children, if any?
*
V 213
0 None
1 1 child
2 2 children
3 3 children
4 4 children
5 5 children
6 6 children
7 7 children
8 8 children
9 9 children
10 10 or more
99 Don't know
If someone says a child needs a home with both a father and a
mother to grow up happily, would you tend to agree or disagree?
*
V 214 1 Tend to agree
2 Tend to disagree
9 Don't know
(South Korean 1981 survey contains one undocumented code "4")
Do you think that a woman has to have children in order to be
fulfilled or is this not necessary?
V 215
1 Needs children
2 Not necessary
3 Don't know (in some countries)
9 Don't know (in other countries)
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? (READ
OUT)
*
YES NO DK
V 216 Marriage is an out-dated institution 1 2 9
If a woman wants to have a child as a single parent but she
doesn't want to have a stable relationship with a man, do you
approve or disapprove?
*
V 217 1 Approve
2 Depends
3 Disapprove
9 Don't know
SHOW CARD V
People talk about the changing roles of men and women today. For
each of the following statements I read out, can you tell me how
much you agree with each. Please use the responses on this card.
Strongly Strongly
Agree Agree Disagree Disagree DK
V 218 A) A working mother can establish
just as warm and secure a
relationship with her children
as a mother who does not work 1 2 3 4 9
V 219 B) A pre-school child is likely to
suffer if his or her mother works 1 2 3 4 9
V 220 C) A job is alright but what most
women really want is a home
and children 1 2 3 4 9
V 221 D) Being a housewife is just as
fulfilling as working for pay 1 2 3 4 9
V 222 E) Having a job is the best way for
a woman to be an independent
person 1 2 3 4 9
V 223 F) Both the husband and wife should
contribute to household income 1 2 3 4 9
SHOW CARD W
With which of these two statements do you tend to agree? (CODE
ONE ANSWER ONLY)
*
V 224
A. Regardless of what the qualities and faults of one's
parents are, one must always love and respect them
B. One does not have the duty to respect and love parents
who have not earned it by their behaviour and attitudes
1 Tend to agree with statement A
2 Tend to agree with statement B
9 Don't know
SHOW CARD X
Which of the following statements best describes your views about
parents' responsibilities to their children? (CODE ONE ONLY)
*
V 225
1 Parents' duty is to do their best for their children
even at the expense of their own well-being
2 Neither
3 Parents have a life of their own and should not be
asked to sacrifice their own well-being for the sake of
their children
9 Don't know
SHOW CARD Y
Here is a list of qualities which children can be encouraged to
learn at home. Which, if any, do you consider to be especially
important? Please choose up to five. (CODE FIVE ONLY)
*
IMPORTANT
V 226 A) Good manners 1
V 227 B) Independence 1
V 228 C) Hard work 1
V 229 D) Feeling of responsibility 1
V 230 E) Imagination 1
V 231 F) Tolerance and respect for other people 1
V 232 G) Thrift, saving money and things 1
V 233 H) Determination, perseverance 1
V 234 I) Religious faith 1
V 235 J) Unselfishness 1
V 236 K) Obedience 1
(V226-V236: code "2" indicates items that were not chosen)
SHOW CARD Z
Do you approve or disapprove of abortion under the
following circumstances?
*
Approve Disapprove
V 237 A) Where the mother's health is at risk
by the pregnancy 1 2
V 238 B) Where it is likely that the child would
be born physically handicapped 1 2
V 239 C) Where the woman is not married 1 2
V 240 D) Where a married couple do not want to
have any more children 1 2
How interested would you say you are in politics?
V 241 1 Very interested
2 Somewhat interested
3 Not very interested
4 Not at all interested
9 Don't know
The Swiss survey asked about interest in international politics,
national politics, regional politics and community politics.
Responses to the question about community politics (which showed
the highest levels of interest) were used here.
SHOW CARD AA
Now I'd like you to look at this card. I'm going to read out
some different forms of political action that people can take,
and I'd like you to tell me, for each one, whether you have
actually done any of these things, whether you might do it or
would never, under any circumstances, do it.
*
Have Might Would
Done Do Never Do DK
V 242 A) Signing a petition 1 2 3 9
V 243 B) Joining in boycotts 1 2 3 9
V 244 C) Attending lawful demonstrations 1 2 3 9
V 245 D) Joining unofficial strikes 1 2 3 9
V 246 E) Occupying buildings or factories 1 2 3 9
(For V242, the normal N.A. code is "0" but "8" was used in some
countries)
SHOW CARD BB
V 247 Which of these two statements comes closest to your own
opinion?
*
A. I find that both freedom and equality are important.
But if I were to choose one or the other, I would
consider personal freedom more important, that is,
everyone can live in freedom and develop without
hinderance.
B. Certainly both freedom and equality are important. But
if I were to choose one or the other, I would consider
equality more important, that is, that nobody is
underprivileged and that social class differences are
not so strong.
1 Agree with statement A
2 Agree with Neither/depends
3 Agree with statement B
9 Don't know
SHOW CARD CC
V 248 In political matters, people talk of "the left" and "the
right." How would you place your views on this scale, generally
speaking?
*
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Left Right
DK = 99
Not answered = 98
SHOW CARD DD
V 249 On this card are three basic kinds of attitudes concerning
the society we live in. Please choose the one which best
describes your own opinion. CODE ONE ONLY
*
1 The entire way our society is organised must be
radically changed by revolutionary action
2 Our society must be gradually improved by reforms
3 Our present society must be valiantly defended against
all subversive forces
9 Don't know
SHOW CARD EE
Now I'd like you to tell me your views on various issues. How
would you place your views on this scale? 1 means you agree
completely with the statement on the left, 10 means you agree
completely with the statement on the right, or you can choose any
number in between.
V 250
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
DK = 99
A) Incomes should be There should be greater
made more equal incentives for individual effort
_________________________________________________________________
V 251
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
DK = 99
B) Private ownership of Government ownership of
business and industry business and industry
should be increased should be increased
_________________________________________________________________
V 252
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
DK = 99
C) Individuals should take The state should take
more responsibility for more responsibility to ensure
providing for themselves that everyone is provided for
_________________________________________________________________
V 253
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
DK = 99
D) People who are unemployed People who are unemployed
should have to take any job should have the right to
available or lose their refuse a job they do not want
unemployment benefits
_________________________________________________________________
V 254
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
DK = 99
E) Competition is good. It Competition is harmful. It
stimulates people to work hard brings out the worst in people
and develop new ideas
_________________________________________________________________
V 255
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
DK = 99
F) In the long run, hard Hard work doesn't generally
work usually brings a better bring success -- it's more a
life matter of luck and connections
_________________________________________________________________
V 256
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
DK = 99
G) People can only accumulate Wealth can grow so there's
wealth at the expense of others enough for everyone
_________________________________________________________________
SHOW CARD FF
There is a lot of talk these days about what the aims of this
country should be for the next ten years. On this card are
listed some of the goals which different people would give top
priority. Would you please say which one of these you, yourself,
consider the most important? CODE ONE ANSWER ONLY UNDER a BELOW
And which would be the next most important? CODE ONE ANSWER ONLY
UNDER b BELOW
V 257 V 258
(a) (b)
First Second
Choice Choice
Maintaining a high level of economic growth 1 1
Making sure this country has strong defence forces 2 2
Seeing that people have more to say about how things
are done at their jobs and in their communities 3 3
Trying to make our cities and countryside
more beautiful 4 4
Don't know 9 9
SHOW CARD GG
a) If you had to choose, which one of the things on this card
would you say is most important? CODE ONE ANSWER ONLY
*
b) And which would be the next most important? CODE ONE ANSWER
ONLY
*
V 259 V 260
(a) (b)
First Second
Choice Choice
Maintaining order in the nation 1 1
Giving people more to say in important
government decisions 2 2
Fighting rising prices 3 3
Protecting freedom of speech 4 4
Don't know 9 9
SHOW CARD HH
a) Here is another list. In your opinion, which one of these is
most important? CODE ONE ANSWER ONLY
b) And what would be the next most important? CODE ONE ANSWER
ONLY
V 261 V 262
(a) (b)
First Second
Choice Choice
A stable economy 1 1
Progress toward a less impersonal and
more humane society 2 2
Progress toward a society in which
ideas count more than money 3 3
The fight against crime 4 4
Don't know 9 9
V 263 Of course, we all hope that there will not be another war,
but if it were to come to that, would you be willing to fight for
your country?
*
1 Yes
2 No
9 Don't know
SHOW CARD II
Here is a list of various changes in our way of life that might
take place in the near future. Please tell me for each one, if
it were to happen whether you think it would be a good thing, a
bad thing, or don't you mind?
*
Don't
Good mind Bad
V 264 A) Less emphasis on money and 1 2 3
material possessions
V 265 B) Decrease in the importance
of work in our lives 1 2 3
V 266 C) More emphasis on the
development of technology 1 2 3
V 267 D) Greater emphasis on the
development of the individual 1 2 3
V 268 E) Greater respect for authority 1 2 3
V 269 F) More emphasis on family life 1 2 3
V 270 G) A simple and more natural
lifestyle 1 2 3
V 271 In the long run, do you think the scientific advances we
are making will help or harm mankind?
*
1 Will help
2 Some of each
3 Will harm
9 Don't know
SHOW CARD JJ
Please look at this card and tell me, for each item listed, how
much confidence you have in them, is it a great deal, quite a
lot, not very much or none at all? CODE ONE ANSWER FOR EACH ITEM
- READ OUT REVERSING ORDER FOR ALTERNATE CONTACTS
A Not None
* Great Quite Very At
Deal A Lot Much All
V 272 A) The church 1 2 3 4
V 273 B) The armed forces 1 2 3 4
V 274 C) The education system 1 2 3 4
V 275 D) The legal system 1 2 3 4
V 276 E) The press 1 2 3 4
V 277 F) Trade unions 1 2 3 4
V 278 G) The police 1 2 3 4
V 279 H) Parliament 1 2 3 4
V 280 I) Civil service 1 2 3 4
V 281 J) Major companies 1 2 3 4
V 282 K) The social security
system 1 2 3 4
V 283 L) TV/European Community 1 2 3 4
V 284 M) NATO 1 2 3 4
V 285 N) The [American]* political
system 1 2 3 4
In West European countries and China, V283 refers to the European
Community; elsewhere, it refers to TV newscasters.
The item concerning NATO (V284) was not asked in some countries.
In Slovenia, V280 "Civil service" was worded as "Local
administration," to distinguish it from Yugoslav authority.
In Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia, the following changes were
made: V276= this republic's (Lithuanian, etc.) mass media;
V279=this republic's parliament; V281=cooperatives; V283 the
People's Front [Baltic independence movement]; V284=this
republic's government; V285=government of the USSR.
In Russia, substitutions were made for V279-V285: V279=Parliament
(USSR); V281=Government (USSR); V282=Parliament (Russia);
V283=TV; V284=Government (Russia); V285=Soviet political system.
On this card are listed some things people have said make them
proud of the [U.S.]* Do any of these things make you proud of
this country?
...Is there anything else?
...And is there anything else? [CODE UP TO TWO MENTIONS]
V 286 V 287
First Second
Choice Choice
[American]* scientific achievements 1 1
The American political system 2 2
American sporting achievements 3 3
American culture and arts 4 4
American economic achievements 5 5
American health and welfare system 6 6
None of these things make me proud 7 7
DK 9 9
*substitute your nation for "U.S." or "American" or "Washington"
In Spain (ASEP survey) only, the codes for V286-V287 were:
0=scientific achievements, 1=the political system, 2=sporting
achievements, 3=culture and arts, 4=economic achievements,
5=health and welfare system, 6=Spain's history, 7=the language,
8=none, 9=D.K.
In China, the above codes were used, with the addition of code 8=
"the long, long Chinese history."
V 288 Generally speaking, would you say that this country is run
by a few big interests looking out for themselves, or that it is
run for the benefit of all the people?
1 Run by a few big interests
2 Run for all the people
9 Don't know
V 289 How much do you trust the government in [Washington]* to
do what is right? Do you trust it almost always, most of the
time, only some of the time, or almost never?
1 Almost always
2 Most of the time
3 Only some of the time
4 Almost never
SHOW CARD KK
There are a number of groups and movements looking for public
support. For each of the following movements, which I read out,
can you tell me whether you approve or disapprove of this
movement? READ OUT AND CODE ONE ANSWER FOR EACH Please use the
responses on this card!
Approve Disapprove
Strongly Somewhat Somewhat Strongly DK
V 290 A) Ecology movement or 1 2 3 4 9
nature protection
V 291 B) Anti-nuclear energy
movement 1 2 3 4 9
V 292 C) Disarmament movement 1 2 3 4 9
V 293 D) Human rights movement
at home or abroad 1 2 3 4 9
V 294 E) Women's movement 1 2 3 4 9
V 295 F) Anti-apartheid movement 1 2 3 4 9
SHOW CARD LL
Please tell me for each of the following statements whether you
think it can always be justified, never be justified, or
something in between, using this card. READ OUT STATEMENTS
REVERSING ORDER FOR ALTERNATE CONTACTS. CODE ONE ANSWER FOR EACH
STATEMENT
*
V 296 A) Claiming government benefits which
you are not entitled to 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5 / 6 / 7 / 8 / 9 / 10
Never Always
DK = 99
V 297 B) Avoiding a fare on public transport
1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5 / 6 / 7 / 8 / 9 / 10
Never Always
DK = 99
V 298 C) Cheating on tax if you have the chance
1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5 / 6 / 7 / 8 / 9 / 10
Never Always
DK = 99
V 299 D) Buying something you knew was stolen
1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5 / 6 / 7 / 8 / 9 / 10
Never Always
DK = 99
V 300 E) Taking and driving away a car
belonging to someone else joyriding
1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5 / 6 / 7 / 8 / 9 / 10
Never Always
DK = 99
V 301 F) Taking the drug marijuana or hashish
1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5 / 6 / 7 / 8 / 9 / 10
Never Always
DK = 99
V 302 G) Keeping money that you have found
1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5 / 6 / 7 / 8 / 9 / 10
Never Always
DK = 99
V 303 H) Lying in your own interest
1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5 / 6 / 7 / 8 / 9 / 10
Never Always
DK = 99
V 304 I) Married men/women having an affair
1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5 / 6 / 7 / 8 / 9 / 10
Never Always
DK = 99
V 305 J) Sex under the legal age of consent
1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5 / 6 / 7 / 8 / 9 / 10
Never Always
DK = 99
V 306 K) Someone accepting a bribe in the
course of their duties 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5 / 6 / 7 / 8 / 9 / 10
Never Always
DK = 99
V 307 L) Homosexuality 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5 / 6 / 7 / 8 / 9 / 10
Never Always
DK = 99
V 308 M) Prostitution 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5 / 6 / 7 / 8 / 9 / 10
Never Always
DK = 99
V 309 N) Abortion 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5 / 6 / 7 / 8 / 9 / 10
Never Always
DK = 99
V 310 O) Divorce 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5 / 6 / 7 / 8 / 9 / 10
Never Always
DK = 99
V 311 P) Fighting with the police 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5 / 6 / 7 / 8 / 9 / 10
Never Always
DK = 99
V 312 Q) Euthanasia terminating the
life of the incurably sick 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5 / 6 / 7 / 8 / 9 / 10
Never Always
DK = 99
V 313 R) Suicide 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5 / 6 / 7 / 8 / 9 / 10
Never Always
DK = 99
V 314 S) Failing to report damage you've done
accidentally to a parked vehicle
1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5 / 6 / 7 / 8 / 9 / 10
Never Always
DK = 99
V 315 T) Threatening workers who refuse to
join a strike 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5 / 6 / 7 / 8 / 9 / 10
Never Always
DK = 99
V 316 U) Killing in self-defence 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5 / 6 / 7 / 8 / 9 / 10
Never Always
DK = 99
V 317 V) Political assassinations 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5 / 6 / 7 / 8 / 9 / 10
Never Always
DK = 99
V 318 W) Throwing away litter in a
public place 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5 / 6 / 7 / 8 / 9 / 10
Never Always
DK = 99
V 319 X) Driving under the influence
of alcohol 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5 / 6 / 7 / 8 / 9 / 10
Never Always
DK = 99
SHOW CARD MM
a) Which of these geographical groups would you say you belong to
first of all?
b) And the next?
V 320 V 321
(a) (b)
First Next
Locality or town where you live 1 1
State or region of country where you live 2 2
The U.S. as a whole 3 3
North America 4 4
The world as a whole 5 5
(see nation-specific codes) 6 6
Don't know 9 9
V 322 How proud are you to be British?
[substitute your own nationality for 'British']
*
1 Very proud
2 Quite proud
3 Not very proud
4 Not at all proud
9 Don't know
SHOW CARD NN
Now I want to ask you some questions about your outlook on life.
Each card I show you has two contrasting statements on it. Using
the scale listed, could you tell me where you would place your
own view? 1 means you agree completely with the statement on the
left, 10 means you agree completely with the statement on the
right, or you can choose any number in between.
V 323 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 DK = 99
A) One should be cautious about You will never achieve much
making major changes in life unless you act boldly
_________________________________________________________________
V 324 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 DK = 99
B) Ideas that have stood the test New ideas are generally
of time are generally best better than old ones
_________________________________________________________________
V 325 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 DK = 99
C) When changes occur in my life, When changes occur in my life,
I worry about the difficulties I welcome the possibility that
they may cause something new is beginning
_________________________________________________________________
SHOW CARD OO
A variety of characteristics are listed here. Could you take a
look at them and select those which apply to you?
V 326 A) I usually count on being successful in everything I do 1
V 327 B) I enjoy convincing others of my opinion 1
V 328 C) I often notice that I serve as a model for others 1
V 329 D) I am good at getting what I want 1
V 330 E) I own many things others envy me for 1
V 331 F) I like to assume responsibility 1
V 332 G) I am rarely unsure about how I should behave 1
V 333 H) I often give others advice 1
V 334 None of the above 1
(For V327-V334, code "2" indicates "not mentioned")
SHOW CARD PP
I am going to read out some statements about the government and
the economy. For each one, could you tell me how much you agree
or disagree? Please use the responses on this card.
Neither
Agree Agree agree nor Disagree Disagree Don't
completely somewhat disagree somewhat completely know
V 335
A) This country's economic system needs fundamental changes
1 2 3 4 5 6
V 336
B) Our government should be made much more open to the public
1 2 3 4 5 6
V 337
C) We are more likely to have a healthy economy if the government allows more
freedom for individuals to do as they wish
1 2 3 4 5 6
V 338
D) If an injust law were passed by the government I could do nothing at all
about it6
1 2 3 4 5 6
V 339
E) Political reform in this country is moving too rapidly
1 2 3 4 5 6
SHOW CARD QQ
I now want to ask you how much you trust various groups of
people: Using the responses on this card, could you tell me how
much you trust... READ OUT EACH AND CODE AN ANSWER FOR EACH
Trust Neither Do not Do not
Trust them them a trust nor trust them trust them Don't
completely little distrust them very much at all know
V 340
a) Your family
1 2 3 4 5 6
Here, as elsewhere, "0" indicates N.A.
V 341
b) The British (substitute your nationality for 'British') in general
1 2 3 4 5 6
V 342
c) Black Americans
1 2 3 4 5 6
V 343
d) Hispanic Americans
1 2 3 4 5 6
V 344
e) Canadians
1 2 3 4 5 6
V 345
f) Mexicans
1 2 3 4 5 6
V 346
g) Russians
1 2 3 4 5 6
V 347
h) Chinese
1 2 3 4 5 6
Items c through h were asked in 15 of the 43 countries surveyed
in 1990. The nationalities referred to in these items vary from
country to country: items c and d indicate some important ethnic
group within the given country; e and f indicate some neighboring
nationality; g and h refer to the Americans, the Chinese or the
Russians. See Nation-Specific Variables section below for
details.
V 348 Were you born in the United States [this country]?
1 Yes
No (If no): Where were you born?
2 Latin America
3 North America
4 Asia
5 Europe
6 Africa
7 Other
V 349 (If no) In what year did you come to the United States [to
this country]?
1 Within past 2 years
2 Within past 3-5 years
3 6-10 years ago
4 11-15 years ago
5 More than 15 years ago
V 350 To which of the following groups do you belong above all?
Just call out one of the letters on this card. SHOW CARD
1 [A] Above all, I am an Hispanic American
2 [B] Above all, I am a Black American
3 [C] Above all, I am a white American
4 [D] Above all, I am an Asian American
5 [E] I am an American first and a member of some ethnic
group second
[the groups coded in V350 vary from country to country; see the
section on NATION-SPECIFIC CODES below for codes used in
countries other than the U.S.]
V 351 If there were a general election tomorrow, which party
would you vote for? If DON'T KNOW: Which party appeals to you
most?
[see NATION-SPECIFIC CODES below for codes used in given
countries]
V 352 And which party would be your second choice?
[see NATION-SPECIFIC CODES below for codes used in given
countries]
DEMOGRAPHICS
V 353 Sex of respondent:
*
1 Male
2 Female
V 354 a) Can you tell me your date of birth, please ............
*
V 355 b) This means you are ..... ..... years old.
NOTE: The surveys carried out in Sweden, South Africa and the
Baltic countries did not ascertain the respondent's exact age,
but did provide a collapsed six-category age variable: see V404
below.
V 356 At what age did you or will you complete your full time
education, either at school or at an institution of higher
education? Please exclude apprenticeships. (WRITE IN AGE)
*
Except as noted, the following categories were used in all
surveys (see NATION-SPECIFIC CODES below for exceptions):
0. N.A.
1. Completed formal education at 12 years of age or earlier
2. Completed education at 13 years of age
3. Completed education at 14
4. Completed education at 15
5. Completed education at 16
6. Completed education at 17
7. Completed education at 18
8. Completed education at 19
9. Completed education at 20
10. Completed education at 21 years of age or older
99. N.A., D.K.
V 357 Do you live with your parents?
*
1 Yes
2 No
V 358 Are you yourself employed now or not?
IF YES:
*
About how many hours a week? If more than one job: only for the
main job
Has paid employment
1. 30 hours a week or more
2. Less than 30 hours a week
3. Self employed
If no paid employment
4. Retired/pensioned
5. Housewife not otherwise employed
6. Student
7. Unemployed
8. Other PLEASE SPECIFY
.......................
b) In which profession/industry do you or did you work? If more
than one job, the main job WRITE IN
*
......................................
......................................
What is/was your job there? WRITE IN AND CODE BELOW
*
The following codes were used in most countries (see NATION-
SPECIFIC CODES below for exceptions):
V 359
1 Employer/manager of establishment with 10 or more employees
2 Employer/manager of establishment with less than 10 employees
3 Professional worker lawyer, accountant, teacher, etc
4 Middle level non-manual - office worker, etc.
5 Junior level non-manual - office worker, etc.
6 Foreman and supervisor
7 Skilled manual worker
8 Semi-skilled manual worker
9 Unskilled manual worker
10 Farmer: employer, manager on own account
11 Agricultural worker
12 Member of armed forces
13 Never had a job
V 360 Are you the chief wage earner?
*
1 Yes - GO TO V 363
2 No - GO TO V 361
3 Equal wage earner (treated as "Yes") - GO TO V363
V 361
a) Is the chief wage earner employed now or not?
1 Yes
2 No
b) In which profession/industry does/did he she work? WRITE IN
........................
V 362 b) What is/was his/her job? WRITE IN AND CODE BELOW
Most countries used the following codes (see NATION-SPECIFIC
CODES below for exceptions):
1 Employer/manager of establishment with 10 or more employees
2 Employer/manager of establishment with less than 10 employees
3 Professional worker lawyer, accountant, teacher, etc.
4 Middle level non-manual - office worker, etc.
5 Junior level non-manual - office worker, etc.
6 Foreman and supervisor
7 Skilled manual worker
8 Semi-skilled manual worker
9 Unskilled manual worker
10 Farmer: employer, manager on own account
11 Agricultural worker
12 Member of armed forces
13 Never had a job
ASK ALL
SHOW INCOME CARD
V 363 Here is a scale of incomes and we would like to know in
what group your household is, counting all wages, salaries,
pensions and other incomes that come in. Just give the letter of
the group your household falls into, before taxes and other
deductions. (see NATION-SPECIFIC CODES below for categories):
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
C D E F G H I J K L
No answer = 98
V 364 INTERVIEWER CODE BY YOURSELF
* Socio-economic status of respondent
Most countries used the following codes (see NATION-SPECIFIC
CODES below for exceptions):
1 AB Upper, upper-middle class
2 C1 Middle, non-manual workers
3 C2 Manual workers - skilled, semi-skilled
4 DE Manual workers - unskilled, unemployed
V 365 a) Time at the end of the interview: ...................
V 366 b) Total length of interview Hours Minutes
V 367 During the interview the respondent was ....
1 Very interested
2 Somewhat interested
3 Not very interested
a) Town where interview was conducted: ________________________
[code below]:
V 368 b) Size of town:
Most countries used the following codes (see NATION-SPECIFIC
CODES below for exceptions):
1 Under 2,000
2 2,000 - 5,000
3 5 - 10,000
4 10 - 20,000
5 20 - 50,000
6 50 - 100,000
7 100 - 500,000
8 500,000 and more
V 369 Ethnic group [code by observation]:
Unless otherwise noted, all countries used the following coding
scheme:
1 Caucasian/white
2 Negro Black
3 South Asian Indian, Pakistani, etc.
4 East Asian Chinese, Japanese, etc.
5 Arabic
6 Other
9 N.A.
V 370 Region where the interview was conducted:
See nation-specific codes in section below. The following is the
U.S. example:
1 New England
2 Middle Atlantic states
3 South Atlantic
4 East South Central
5 West South Central
6 East North Central
7 West North Central
8 Rocky Mountain states
9 Northwest
10 California
V371 Citizenship
(see codes in section on country-specific variables below)
V372 Urban/Rural
(see codes in section on country-specific variables below)
V373 Language spoken by respondent
(see codes in section on country-specific variables below)
[Canada, India, Switzerland and Baltic nations only]
V374 European Integration Scale
(This question was asked in Western Europe only).
There is much talk about what the individual member states of the
European Community have in common and what makes each one
distinct.
[INTERVIEWER SHOWS CARD WITH 7-POINT SCALE. STATEMENT A IS AT
ONE END; STATEMENT B IS AT OPPOSITE END]
Statement A:
Some people say: If the European member states were truly to be
united, this would mean the end of their national, historical and
cultural identities. Their national economic interests would
also be sacrificed.
Statement B:
Others say: Only a truly united Europe can protect its states'
national, historical and cultural identities and their national
economic interests from the challenges of the superpowers.
Which statement is closest to your own opinion, the first or the
second? Please use the scale listed. "1" would mean that you
agree completely with A, and "7" would mean that you agree
completely with B. The numbers in between allow you to show
where your own opinion falls, if you would place yourelf
somewhere in between.
1. Agree completely with statement A
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7. Agree completely with statement B
9. D.K., N.A.
V375 Educational Level
(see National-specific code section for codes)
CONSTRUCTED VARIABLES
V376 Weight Variable [ former V 402]
This weight factor compensates for various features of
sampling in givein countries, to make the samples replicate
the national population parameters more closely. For
example, the 1981 surveys in Western Europe, the United
States, Canada and Mexico oversampled (by approximately 50
percent) the youngest group aged 16-24. These respondents
receive proportionately less weight in this variable. The
samples from China, India, Nigeria undersample the
illiterate and rural portions of the public and oversample
the more educated and urban portions; the weight variable
is designed to correct for this problem by giving greater
weight to the less educated. Both the 1981 and 1990 South
African samples were stratified by race, interviewing
approximately as many whites as Blacks; the weight variable
corrects for this. This variable also corrects for obvious
deviations from national population parameters in age and
education in other countries. In most cases, the more
highly educated are oversampled, and are accordingly
weighted less heavily than the less educated. In the 1990
Italian sample, however, the more educated are substantially
undersampled, and are weighted more heavily to compensate
for it.
Finally, the 1990 Spanish sample has a much larger N
than most other samples, which would give it
disproportionate importance in any analysis involving pooled
samples; it is down-weighted. Similarly, this study
includes many small countries, and their combined Ns would
far outweigh the results from the larger countries:
unweighted, the Nordic countries plus the Baltic countries
would outweigh India, China, the United States and Russia.
This weight factor gives greater weight to the more populous
countries than to the less populous ones, so that pooled
analyses (which are often convenient) more closely
approximate global reality. The weighted N of the combined
67 surveys assembled here is 89,672, as compared with the
unweighted N of 89,909.
V377 Age In 6 Classes [Former V404]
(created by collapsing V355 into these categories)
1. 18-24 years
2. 25-34 years
3. 35-44 years
4. 45-54 years
5. 55-64 years
6. 65 or older
0. NA
V378 Materialist/Postmat. Values
Materialist/Postmaterialist Values Index (4-item index)
[former V 405]
This index was constructed from responses to Variables 259
and 260.
1. Materialist; coded 1 in V259 and 3 in V260 or 3 in
V259 and 1 V260
2. Mixed; coded 1 or 3 in V259 and 2 or 4 in V260 or
2 or 4 in V259 and 1 or 3 in V260
3. Post-Materialist; coded 2 in V259 and 4 in V260 or
4 in V259 and 2 in V260
0. NA
V379 Mat/Postmat 9 [former V 408]
Materialist/Postmaterialist Values index, 12-item version.
This index was created by summing the number of Postmaterialist
items given "high" priority (i.e., chosen as the 1st or 2nd most
important goals from the given group of 4 goals). Based on
V 257- V 262. All five of the following goals have Postmaterialist
polarity in all but one of the 43 societies surveyed in 1990 (see
Abramson and Inglehart, 1995, for details):
1. Seeing that people have more to say about how things are
done at their jobs and in their communities.
2. Giving people more say in important government decisions
3. Protecting freedom of speech
4. Progress toward a less impersonal and more humane
society
5. Progress toward a society in which ideas count more than
money.
Scores on this index range from 0 (none of the five
Postmaterialist items was given high priority) to 5 (all five of
them were given high priority).
NATION-SPECIFIC CODES
NOTE: In a number of cases, a given question was asked in
only some of the countries included in these surveys. In these
cases, the data are assigned Missing Data codes-- usually "0" or
"9" for one-digit variables; or 98 or 99 for two-digit
variables. In a number of instances, some countries used "0"
while others used "9" as the missing data code. If all data for
a given country fall into the missing data code, it indicates
that the given item was not asked in that country.
V144 and V145 Religious denomination
Unless otherwise indicated, all countries use the following
codes:
0. Belong to no religious denomination
1. Roman Catholic
2. Mainline or Established Protestant church for given country
3. Non-established or fundamentalist Protestant churches
4. Jewish
5. Islamic
6. Hindu
7. Buddhist
8. Other (includes Orthodox, in Eastern Europe)
9. Not ascertained
10. No religious denomination
The countries listed below differ from these codes as follows:
04. Italy
2. Jehova's Witnesses
Otherwise, as noted above.
9. Ireland and
10. Northern Ireland
6. Presbyterian
7. Methodist
Otherwise, as noted above.
13. Japan
11. Roman Catholic
12. Protestant
13. Other Christian
14. Jewish
15. Islamic
16. Hindu
17. Buddhist
18. Shinto, other
19. N.A.
20. Never belonged to any religion
15. South Africa
0. None
1. Catholic
2. Anglican
3. Dutch Reformed
4. Presbyterian
5. Lutheran
6. Other Christian
8. Islamic
9. Hindu
19. Sweden
00 None
01 Church of Sweden (Lutheran)
02 Catholic
03 Pentecostal
04 Swedish Missionary League
05 Salvation Army
06 Baptist
07 Orebro Mission
08 Evangelical
09 Other
24. South Korea
0. D.K.
1. Catholic
2. Protestant
7. Buddhist
8. Confucian
9. Refused
35. Slovenia
00 None
01 Roman Catholic
02 Protestant
03 Orthodox
04 Other Christian
05 Islam
06 Hindu
07 Other
09 N.A.
44. Turkey
06. Greek Orthodox (not Hindu)
07. Gregorian (Armenian)
Otherwise as above
45. Greater Moscow Region 1990
2. Russian Orthodox (not Protestant)
Otherwise, as noted above.
46-47-48. Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia:
6. Greek Orthodox (not Hindu).
Otherwise, as noted above.
50. Russia
0. None
1. Russian Orthodox
2. Baptist
3. Seventh Day Adventist
4. 50 Days Believer
5. Old Believer
6. Catholic
7. Jewish
8. Buddhist
9. Muslim
98. Other
99. Did not state
52. Britain, 1981
same as 1990, except no 09 code
61. U.S.A., 1981
01 Protestant
02 Roman Catholic
03 Jewish
04 Orthodox Church
05 Muslim
06 Hindu
07 Buddhist
08 Other
09 None
62. Canada, 1981
N.A.
64. Mexico, 1981
00 None
01 Roman Catholic
02 Other Christian (Protestant)
03 Believe in God, not in Church
04 Jewish
05 Muslim
06 Hindu
07 Buddhist
08 Spiritualism
09 D.K.
10 Other
67. Australia 1981: documentation not available for religious
codes.
V320, V321. Geographic region with which one identifies:
Unless otherwise noted, all countries used the following codes:
0. N.A.
1. The town where you live
2. The state or province in which you live
3. Your country as a whole (France, Nigeria, etc., as a whole)
4. The continent in which you live (stated as "Europe," "Asia," etc.)
5. The world as a whole
The following countries had the following deviations from the
above system:
03. West Germany and
34. East Germany:
06 The Federal Republic and DDR together (added to above list)
22. Argentina 1990: code 4 refers to identification with Europe
(not South America or Latin America). In the 1981 survey,
code 4 refers to "South America."
26. Switzerland
01. Commune where you grew up
01. Commune where you now live
01. Canton where you grew up
01. Canton where you now live
02. Your linguistic region
03. Switzerland as a whole
04. Europe
05. The world as a whole
The original codes 1-4 were collapsed to become a new code 1, for
cross-national comparability.
28. Brazil
30. Chile
code 4 refers to Latin America (not South America)
50. Russia 1991
Note: the Greater Moscow survey follows the standard format, not
the following:
01 Town you live in
02 A region of the Russian republic
03 Russia as a whole
04 Soviet Union as a whole
05 Europe
06 The world as a whole
09 Did not state
61. U.S.A. 1981 and
62. Canada 1981
"The state/province you live in" and "this region of the country"
were asked as two separate options in 1981; these have been
collapsed into code 2, "the state or region in which you live."
64. Mexico 1981
code 4 was "Latin America," not "North America."
V340-347. Trust in various groups
(rated on five-point scales as indicated in the questionnaire,
code 1="trust them completely," code 5="do not trust them at
all;" in Poland, a ten-point scale was used, which has been
collapsed into five categories (1+2=1, 3+4=2, etc.) to be roughly
comparable.
V340: all countries asked about trust in "Your family;"
this series was not asked in the 1981 surveys, nor in Switzerland
in 1989.
V341: all countries asked about trust in one's own
nationality (i.e., "the American people in general," "the
Japanese in general," etc.). EXCEPTION: the Brazilians rated
"Latin Americans."
V342: this asked about trust toward a prominent minority
group in the given country; it was only asked in the countries
noted below:
08. Spain (asked in ASEP survey only): Gypsies
11. U.S.: Blacks
12. Canada: French Canadians (in English-speaking region);
English Canadians (in French-speaking region).
13. Japan: Korean residents in Japan
14. Mexico: Mestizos
15. South Africa: White South Africans (by non-whites), Black
South Africans (by whites).
24. South Korea: Germans
25. Poland: Czechs
28. Brazil: Japanese
29. Nigeria: Hausas
30. Chile: Mapuche Indians
32. India: Hindus
33. Czechoslovakia: Slovaks (in Czech region); Czechs (in
Slovak region).
35. Slovenia: Serbs
44. Turkey: Greeks
V343: in most countries, this measured trust toward
another minority group within the given country.
08. Spain: Moroccans
11. U.S.: Hispanics
12. Canada: recent immigrants
13. Japan: Chinese residents in Japan
14. Mexico: Indians
15. South Africa: Asians
24. South Korea: Chinese
25. Poland: East Germans
28. Brazil: Blacks
29. Nigeria: Igbos
30. Chile: Pentecostalists (religious group)
32. India: non-Hindus
33. Czechoslovakia: Gypsies
35. Slovenia: Hungarians
44. Turkey: Hungarians
V344: Generally, a neighboring nationality.
08. Spain: Portuguese
11. U.S.: Canadians
12. Canada: Americans
13. Japan: Koreans
14. Mexico: Central Americans
15. South Africa: Zulus
24. South Korea: French
25. Poland: Hungarians
28. Brazil: Germans
29. Nigeria: Yorubas
30. Chile: Argentines
32. India: Pakistanis
33. Czechoslovakia: Germans
35. Slovenia: Austrians
44. Turkey: Iranians
V345. Generally, another neighboring nationality.
08. Spain: Black Africans
11. U.S.: Mexicans
12. Canada: Mexicans
13. Japan: Chinese
14. Mexico: Americans (U.S.)
15. South Africa: Xhosas
24. South Korea: Japanese
25. Poland: West Germans
28. Brazil: Chinese
29. Nigeria: Ghanaians
30. Chile: Peruvians
32. India: Nepalis
33. Czechoslovakia: Poles
35. Slovenia: Italians
44. Turkey: Germans
V346. Generally, trust for Superpowers
08. Spain: Latin Americans
11. U.S.: Russians
12. Canada: Russians
13. Japan: Americans
14. Mexico: Russians
15. South Africa: Russians
24. South Korea: Russians
25. Poland: Americans
28. Brazil: Americans
29. Nigeria: Americans
30. Chile: Americans (U.S.)
32. India: Americans
33. Czechoslovakia: Americans
35. Slovenia: Americans
44. Turkey: Russians
V347. Generally, trust for another superpower
11. U.S.: Chinese
12. Canada: Chinese
13. Japan: Russians
14. Mexico: Chinese
15. South Africa: Americans
24. South Korea: Americans
25. Poles: Russians
28. Brazil: Russians
29. Nigeria: N.A.
30. Chile: Russians
32. India: Russians
33. Czechoslovakia: Russians
35. Slovenia: Russians
44. Turkey: Americans
V350 Subjective Sense of Ethnic Identity
Unless otherwise noted, all societies use the format in the
following (U.S.) example:
11. U.S. 1990
01 Above all, I am an Hispanic American
02 Above all, I am a Black American
03 Above all, I am a white American
04 Above all, I am an Asian American
05 I am an American first, and then a member of some ethnic
group
12. Canada 1990
01 French Canadian
02 English Canadian
03 Ethnic Canadian
04 Canadian first and then member of ethnic group
05 Canadian first and only
14. Mexico 1990
01 Latino
02 Mestizo
03 Spanish
04 Indian
05 I am a Mexican first and a member of some ethnic group second
29. Nigeria 1990
01 Above all, I am Hausa
02 Above all, I am Igbo
03 Above all, I am Yoruba
04 I am a Nigerian first and a member of some ethnic group
second
05 D.K.
30. Chile 1990
01 Latino
02 Indian
03 White
04 Mestizo (mixed white and Indian)
05 I am Chilean first and a member of some ethnic group second.
32. India 1990
01 Above all, I am a Hindu
02 Above all, I am a Muslim
03 Above all, I am a Christian
04 Above all, I am a member of some other religious
denominations--Buddhist, Jain, Parsee, Sikh, etc.
05 I am an Indian first and a member of some ethnic group second
36. Bulgaria
(documentation not available for this variable)
39. China
01 Han nationality
02 Zhuang nationality
03 Hui nationality
04 Uygur nationality
05 Miao nationality
06 Chinese first and then a minority member
V351 and V352. Political Party Codes:
1. France 1990
01 Extreme Left
02 Communist
03 Socialist
04 Left Radical Movement (MRG)
05 Radical Party
06 Social Democratic Center (UDF, CDS)
07 Republican Party (UDF, RPR)
08 Rally for the Republic (RPR)
09 National Front
10 Ecologist Movement
11 None
12 Don't know
2. Britain 1990
01 Conservative
02 Labour
03 Social Liberal Democrats
04 Social Democratic Party
05 Nationalist
06 Green Party
07 Communist Party
08 Other party
09 None/wouldn't vote
98 Response refused (MV)
99 Don't Know
3. Germany 1990
01 Christian Democrats (CDU/CSU)
02 Social Democrats (SPD)
03 Free Democrats
04 The Greens
05 The Republicans
06 Communist
07 National Democrats
08 Other
89 No Party
98 N.A.
99 Don't know
4. Italy 1990
01 Christian Democrats
02 Proletarian Democrats
03 Italian Social Movement/ National Right
04 Communist
05 Liberal
06 Radicals
07 Republicans
08 Social Democrats
09 Socialist
10 Green List
11 Local Ethnic lists: e.g., South Tyrol People's Party,
Sardinian Action
12 Regional list (e.g., Lombard League)
13 Retired peoples party
14 Other parties
98 Refused
99 Don't know
5. Netherlands 1990
01 PvdA-Labor
02 CDA-Christian Democrats
03 VVD-Liberals
04 D'66-Democrats, '66
05 Groen Links- Green Left
06 SGP-Political Reformed Party
07 GPV-Reformed Political Union
08 RPF-Reformed Political Federation
09 SP
10 Center Party
11 Center Democrats (Right-wing)
12 Other parties
98 Refused
99 Don't know
6. Denmark 1990
01 Social Democrats
02 Radical Left
03 Conservative People's Party
04 Justice Party (Single Tax)
05 Socialist People's Party
06 Greens
07 Humanists
08 International Socialist Workers party
09 Communist
10 Marxist-Leninist party
11 Center-Democrats
12 Common Course (anti-immigration)
13 Christian Peoples
14 Liberal party
15 Left Socialists
16 Progress Party
17 Can't vote
18 Won't vote
88 Don't know
7. Belgium 1990
01 Catholic People's party (Flemish) CVP
02 Christian Social party (Walloon) PSC
03 Socialist party (Flemish) SP
04 Socialist party (Walloon) PS
05 Party for Freedom and Progress PVV
06 Liberal Reformation party PRL
07 People's Union (Flemish) VU
08 French-speaking Front FDF
09 Walloon party RW
10 Flemish Bloc
11 Live Differently (Flemish Ecologists) AGALEV
12 Ecologists (Walloon) ECOLO
13 Other
98 Refused
99 D.K.
8. Spain 1990 (AESEP survey)
NOTE: This survey is identified by a code "0" on V 373
(Language)
01 Popular party PP
02 Democratic and Social Center CDS
03 Socialists PSOE
04 United Left IU
05 Convergence and Union [Catalan] CIU
06 Catalan Republican Left ERE
07 Basque Nationalist Party PNV
08 Basque Solidarity EA
09 Galician Coalition (CG)
10 Cantabrian Reginalist party (PRC)
11 Aragon Regionalist party (PAR)
12 Navarrese People's Union (UPN)
13 Andalucian party (PA)
14 Valencian Union (UV)
15 United Extremadura (EU)
16 Independent Canary Association (ACI)
17 United People [Basque] (HB)
18 Basque Left (EE)
19 Galician Nationalist Bloc (BNG)
20 Ruiz Mateos Electoral Association
21 Ecologists (Greens)
22 Others
23 Blank ballot
24 Will not vote
98 Others
8. Spain (DATA survey) 1990
NOTE: This survey is identified by a code "5" on V 373
(Language)
01 Popular Party PP
02 Democratic and Social Center CDS
03 Socialists PSOE
04 United Left IU
05 Party of the workers of Spain- United Communists
06 Convergence and Unity CiU
07 Catalan Republican Left ERC
08 Basque Nationalist Party PNV
09 Basque Solidarity EA
10 Basque Left (EE)
11 United People HB
12 Navarrese People's Union UPN
13 Galician Nationalist bloc BNG
14 Galician Left PSG
15 Aragon Regionalist party PAR
16 Valencian Union
17 Andalucian Party PA
18 Greens/Ecologists
89 Won't Vote/In Blank
98 No answer
99 Don't Know
9. Ireland 1990
01 Fianna Fail
02 Fine Gael
03 Labour
04 Workers' Party
05 Progressive Democrats
06 Green Party
07 Sinn Fein
08 Other/Independent
98 Response refused (MV)
99 Don't know
10. Northern Ireland 1990
01 Official Unionist
02 Democratic Unionist
03 SDLP
04 Alliance
05 Sinn Fein
06 Worker's Party
07 N.I. Conservative Party
08 Other/Independent
98 MV
11. U.S.A. 1990
01 Republican
02 Democrat
03 Independent
04 None
05 Libertarian
97 Refused
98 D.K.
99 Other
12. Canada 1990
01 Liberal
02 Progressive Conservative
03 N.D.P.
04 Reform Party
05 Other Party
06 Refused
07 Not eligible
09 Don't know/none
13. Japan 1990
01 Liberal Democratic Party
02 Japan Socialist Party
03 Komeito (Clean Government Party)
04 Japan Democratic Socialist Party
05 Japan Communist Party
06 United Social Democratic Party
07 United Progressive Liberals
08 Japanese Trade Unions Confederation
09 Other
10 No party to vote
99 Don't know
14. Mexico 1990
01 Institutional Revolutionary Party PRI
02 National Action Party PAN
03 Democratic Revolutionary Party PRD
04 Cardenist Front of National Reconstuction PFCRN
05 Popular Socialist Party PPS
06 Authentic Party of the Mexican Revolution PARM
07 Other
09 Don't Know
15. South Africa 1990
01 COSATU (Congress of South African Trade Unions)
02 CP (Conservative Party)
03 DP (Democratic Party)
04 Inkatha Movement
05 MDM (Mass Democratic Movement)
06 NP (National Party)
07 PAC (Pan Africanist Congress)
08 SACP (South African Communist Party)
09 UDF (United Democratic Front)
10 ANC (African National Congress)
11 AWB (Afrikaner Resistance Movement)
12 AZAPO (Azanian People's Organisation)
13 Other
14 Don't know
16. Hungary 1990
01 MDF - Hungarian Democratic Forum
02 SZDSZ - Alliance of Free Democrats
03 FKgP - Independent Smallholders' Party
04 FIDESZ - Federation of Young Democrats
05 KDNP - Christian Democratic People's Party
06 MSZP - Hungarian Socialist Party (ex-Communists)
07 Other
08 Undocumented
89 None of them
90 Voting is useless
98 Refuses to answer
99 N.A.
18. Norway 1990
01 Labour Party (DNA)
02 Progressive Party (FRP)
03 Conservative Party (H)
04 Christian Party (KPF)
05 Norwegian Communist Party (NKP)
06 Marxist-Leninist Party (ML)
07 Center Party (SP)
08 Socialist Party (SV)
09 Liberal Party (V)
10 Other
11 Can't vote
98 Refuse to answer
99 Don't know
19. Sweden 1990
01 Moderate Coalition (conservative)
02 People's Party (liberal)
03 Center Party
04 Christian Democrats
05 Green Party
06 Social Democratic Labor
07 Left Social Democratic Party (communist)
NOTE: in Sweden, V351 asked about one's sympathies, not voting
intention; Second choice (V352) was not asked in the Swedish
survey.
21. Iceland 1990
01 Social Democrats
02 Progressive Democrats
03 Independence Party (Conservative and Liberal)
04 People's Alliance
06 Women's Alliance
07 Flokk Mannsins
09 Citizen's Party
22. Argentina: Voting intention not asked 1990
23. Finland 1990
01 Social Democratic Party
02 National Coalition (conservative)
03 Center Party
04 Left-wing Alliance (Communist and Left socialists)
05 Swedish People's party
06 Rural party
07 Christian Union
08 Greens
09 Pensioners' party
10 Liberal People's party
11 Constitutional Party of the Right
24. S. Korea 1990: Voting intention not asked
25. Poland 1990
01 Christian Dems (didn't exist)
02 Social Dems (didn't exist)
03 PZPR - Polish United Workers Party
04 Peasants (ZSL)
05 Democratic Party (SD)
06 Citizens Committee of Solidarity
07 Other
08 Other
09 Refused to answer this question
00 Don't know
26. Switzerland 1990
00 None
01 Alliance of Independents
02 Christian Demmocrats
03 Socialist
04 Democratic Union of the Center
05 Labor Party (communist)
06 Radical
07 Liberal
08 Ecologist
09 National Action/Vigilance
10 Evangelical Protestant
11 Republican Movement
12 Other
NOTE: The Swiss survey asked respondents to name a party for
which they felt "a certain sympathy," rather than asking their
voting intention. Second choice (V352) was not asked.
28. Brazil 1990
01 PMDB-Party of Brazilian Democratic Movement
02 PT-Workers' Party
03 PSDB-Brazilian Social Democracy
04 PDT-Democratic Labor Party
05 PDS-Social Democratic Party
06 PRN-National Reconstruction Party
07 PTB-Brazilian Labor Party
08 PFL-Liberal Front
09 Other
15 No answer
99 N.A.
29. Nigeria 1990
01 Social Democratic Party SDP
02 National Republican Convention NRC
09 Don't know
30. Chile 1990
00 N.A.
01 Christian Democratic Party PDC
02 National Renovation RN
03 Socialists
04 Union of Independent Democrats UDI
05 Communists
06 Radicals
07 Others
99 Don't know
98 None
31. Belarus 1990
01 Communist Party
02 Belorussian People's Front
03 Social Democrat Party
04 Greens or Environmentalists
05 Liberals
06 Conservatives
07 Christian Democrats
08 Belorussian Worker's Union
09 Farmer's Party
10 Oganizations like Pamyat
98 Refused
99 Don't know
32. India 1990
01 Indian National Congress
02 Indian Congress (Socialist)
03 Janata Dal (People's Party)
04 Bhartiya Janata Party
05 Communist Party of India
06 Communist Party of India (Marxist)
07 Telugu Desam (Land of Telegu)
08 Muslim League
09 All Indian Muslim League
10 Kerala Congress
11 Kerala Congress (J)
12 Peasants' and Workers Party of India
13 All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhgam
14 Dravida Munnetra Kazhgam (Dravidian Progressive Federation)
15 All India Forward Block
16 Revolutionary Socialist Party
17 Maharashtrawadi Gomantak
18 Jharkhand Mukti Morcha
19 Republican Party of India (Khobragade)
20 Republican Party of India
21 Jharkhand Party
22 Tamil Nadu Congress (K)
23 Socialist Unity Centre of India
24 Other parties
30 Independent
99 No answer
33. Czechoslovakia 1990
01 Civic Forum
02 Public Against Violence
03 Christian Democratic Party (Czech. Republ.)
04 Christian Democratic Movement (Slov. Rep.)
05 Czechoslovak People's Party
06 Communist Party
07 Association for Moravia and Silesia
08 Democratic Party (Slovak Republic)
09 Slovak National Party
10 Movement "Coexistence"
11 Social Democracy
12 Greens
13 Association of Farmers & Countryside
14 Other
34. East Germany 1990
01 PDS (communist)
02 Social Democrats
03 Christian Democrats
04 DSU (linked with CSU)
05 Democratic Breakthrough
06 Liberal-Democratic Party
07 Free Democratic Party
08 New Forum
09 Democracy Now
10 Greens
11 Other
35. Slovenia 1992
01 Democratic Party
02 Christian Socialists
03 Liberal Democrat Party
04 Liberal Party
05 SDZ - National Democratic Party
06 Social Democratic Union
07 Social Democratic Alliance of Slovenia
08 Socialist Party of Slovenia
09 Slovenian People's Party
10 Slovenian Christian Democrats
11 Social Democratic Reconstruction
12 Greens of Slovenia
13 Other Party
98 Other, which
99 Don't know
89 None
36. Bulgaria 1990
01 I would not vote
02 BSP - Bulgarian Socialist Party
03 UDF - Union of Democratic Forces
04 MSRF - Turkish Movement for Rights and Freedom
05 BAP - Bulgarian Agrarian Party
06 Some other party
09 Don't know/NA
NOTE: Second choice (V352) was not asked in the Bulgarian
survey.
37. Romania 1993
01 National Liberal party (PNL)
02 National Salvation Front (FSN)
03 Civic Alliance Party (PAC)
04 Christian Democratic National Peasants Party (PNTDC)
05 Liberal Party 1993 (PL-1993)
06 Democratic Front of National Salvation (FDSN)
07 Agrarian Party (PDAR)
08 Romania Mare Party (PRM)
09 Socialist Labor Party (PSM)
10 Romanian National Unity Party (PUNR)
13 Democratic Convention (CD)
14 Hungarian Party from Romania (UDMR)
15 Movement for Romania
16 Free Exchange Party
17 Green Party
18 Green Movement
19 Social Democrat Party
20 German Forum
21 Republican party
39. China 1990: voting intention not asked
41. Portugal 1990
01 Democratic Renewal party PRD
02 Socialist Party PS
03 Social Democratic Party PPD/PSD
04 Communist CDU/PCP
05 Social Democratic Center party CDS
06 Portuguese Democratic party MDP/CDE
07 Communist Party Reconstituted PC(R)
08 Communist Party of Porguguese Workers PCTP/MRPP
09 Christian Democratic party PDC
10 Workers' Party of Socialist Unity POUS
11 People's Monarchist Party PPM
12 Revolutionary Socialist Party PSR
13 Popular Democratic Union UDP
89 NENHUM
98 Refused
99 Don't Know
42. Austria 1990
01 OVP - People's Party
02 SPO - Socialists
03 FPO - Freedom Party
04 Greens
06 KPO - Communists
07 Others
97 Not yet eligible to vote
98 N.A.
99 Undecided
44. Turkey 1990
01 Motherland Party - Center right-then in power (ANAP)
02 Social Democratic Party - Center left (SHP)
03 True Path Party - Center right (DYP)
04 Democratic Left - Center left but right of Social Democrats
(DSP)
05 Prosperity Party - Religious fundamentalist (RP)
06 Center Democrat - Merged with True Path (03) (DMP)
07 Nationalist Activity - Electoral Alliance with Prosperity
(05) (MCP)
08 Reformist Democrat - Electoral Alliance with Prosperity (05)
(IDP)
09 Other
11 Would not vote; does not like any existing party
12 Undecided
99 No answer
45. Moscow 1990
01 Democratic Platform in CPSU
02 Russian Communist Party in CPSU
03 Social Democratic party of Russia
04 Liberal Democrats
05 Democratic Party of Russia (transitional period)
06 All Russian Socialist Party
07 Greens
08 Constitutional Monarchist Party
09 Christian Democrats
10 Democratic Union
11 United Front of Workers
12 Marxist-Leninist Movement "Unity"
13 Constitutional Democrats
14 Confederation of Anarcho-Syndicalists
15 "Patriotic" organizations ("Pamyat"; "Fatherland")
16 Refused
17 Don't know
46. Lithuania: voting intention not asked
47. Latvia: voting intention not asked
48. Estonia: voting intention not asked
50. Russia: voting intention not asked
51. France 1981
01 Communist
02 Socialist (and Left Radicals)
03 Rally for the Republic
04 Republican Party , Social Democratic Center, Center Radicals
05 Ecologist Party
06 Extreme Left (PSU, Workers' Battle, etc.)
07 Extreme Right
08 Other
52. Britain 1981
01 None
02 Conservative
03 Labour
04 Liberal
05 Nationalist
06 Other
00 D.K., N.A.
53. West Germany 1981
00 D.K., N.A.
01 None
02 Christian Democrats CDU/CSU
03 Social Democrats SPD
04 Free Democrats FDP
05 Greens
06 Other
54. Italy 1981
0 Communist/Socialist/Social Democrat (PCI/PSI/PSDI) and N.A.
[0 and 10 codes appear to have been erroneously merged]
1 Republican (PRI)
2 Christian Democrat (DC)
3 Liberal (PLI)
4 Social Movement-National Right (MSI)
5 Radical (PR)
6 Proletarian Democracy (DP)
9 Don't know
55. Netherlands 1981: Documentation not available
56. Denmark 1981
01 Social Democrats
02 Radical Left
03 Conservative Peoples party
04 Justice party
05 Socialist People's party
06 Communist
07 Center Democrats
08 Christian People's party
09 Liberals
00 Left Socialist and N.A.
57. Belgium 1981
00 D.K., N.A.
01 undocumented code
02 Ecologist
03 Communist
04 Christian People's (CVP,PSL)
05 Socialist (PS/SP)
06 Liberal-Flemish, Liberal-French (PVV, PLP)
07 Flemish and Walloon Nationalists (VU,FDF,RW)
09 Democratic Union for the Respect of Labor
58. Spain 1981
00 No response
01 None
02 Union of the Democratic Center UCD
03 Socialist PSOE
04 Communist PCE
05 Popular Alliance
06 Others
09 Don't know
59. Ireland 1981
01 Fianna Fail
02 Fine Gael
03 Labour
04 Other party
00 D.K., N.A.
60. Northern Ireland 1981: documentation not available
61. U.S.A. 1981
01 Republican
02 Democrat
03 Independent
04 Other Party
00 None
62. Canada 1981
01 Progressive Conservative
02 Liberal
03 New Democrats
04 Other
00 None
63. Japan 1981: documentation not available
64. Mexico 1981: voting intention not ascertained.
65. South Africa 1981: documentation not available
66. Hungary 1981: voting intention not ascertained.
67. Australia 1981: documentation not available
68. Norway 1981: documentation not available
69. Sweden 1981: voting intention not ascertained
70. Tambov region (Russian Republic) 1981: voting intention not
ascertained
71. Iceland 1981: documentation not available
72. Argentina 1981: documentation not available
73. Finland 1981: documentation not available
74. South Korea 1981: documentation not available
V356 School-leaving Age
Except as noted, the following categories were used in all
surveys:
0. N.A.
1. Completed formal education at 12 years of age or earlier
2. Completed education at 13 years of age
3. Completed education at 14
4. Completed education at 15
5. Completed education at 16
6. Completed education at 17
7. Completed education at 18
8. Completed education at 19
9. Completed education at 20
10. Completed education at 21 years of age or older
99. N.A., D.K.
EXCEPTIONS:
3. West Germany and
34. East Germany:
did not use codes 1 and 2: code 3 indicates that the respondent's education
was completed at the age of 14 or younger.
23. Finland
did not use codes 1-3: code 4 indicates that one's education was completed
at 15 or younger.
V 356 was not ascertained in 24. South Korea or 26. Switzerland
44. Turkey
V356 uses the following codes:
00. N.A.
13. Primary school -- completed education by age 13
17. Middle or Secondary school -- completed education by age 17
21. Secondary or higher education -- completed education by age 21
70. Tambov region (Russian Republic): not ascertained.
NOTE: Also see V375 Educational Level, for Denmark, Norway,
Sweden, Finland, South Africa, South Korea, Poland, Switzerland,
Brazil, Nigeria, India, Austria, Turkey, Lithuania, Latvia and
Estonia. This provides supplementary information on how much
education the respondent received, for those countries.
V359 and V362 Occupational codes
Unless otherwise indicated, the following codes were used:
1 Employer/manager of establishment with 10 or more employees
2 Employer/manager of establishment with less than 10 employees
3 Professional worker lawyer, accountant, teacher, etc
4 Middle level non-manual - office worker, etc.
5 Junior level non-manual - office worker, etc.
6 Foreman and supervisor
7 Skilled manual worker
8 Semi-skilled manual worker
9 Unskilled manual worker
10 Farmer: employer, manager on own account
11 Agricultural worker
12 Member of armed forces
13 Never had a job
4. Italy 1990
14. Undocumented additional code.
19. Sweden 1990
The Swedish survey used another occupational coding scheme; the data were
recoded into the categories above as closely as possible.
21. Iceland
codes 1 through 11 as above, then:
12. Police, coast guard, etc.
13. Never had a job
14. Sailors, Sea Captains
15. Undocumented code
26. Switzerland
The Swiss survey used another occupational coding scheme; the data were
recoded into the categories above as closely as possible.
39. The Chinese survey used the following codes:
01 Administrative personnel of section chief level or above
02 Administrative personnel below section chief level
03 Professional (teacher, accountant, lawyer, science and
technology workers)
04 Non-manual office worker
05 Junior level non-manual
06 Foreman
07 Skilled manual worker
08 Semi-skilled worker
09 Unskilled worker
12 Military
V363 Family Income
In the 1990 surveys, in all countries except South Africa, this
variable is coded from low to high, with either "0" or 98/99 as
the N.A. code. The suggested model showed 10 categories, and
most countries used this number. The specific categories used in
the given country appeared on a separate card; in many cases,
this card was not provided along with the questionnaire, so the
local currency equivalents are not available. Documentation is
not available for most of the 1981 surveys; it is believed that
they are coded from low to high.
This question was not asked in Iceland in 1990; nor in Hungary,
Tambov and Finland in 1981.
1. France 1990
01. Less than 3,000 French francs (FF) per month
02. 3,000-4,000 FF
03. 4,000-5,000 FF
04. 5,000-6,500 FF
05. 6,500-8,000 FF
06. 8,000-9,500 FF
07. 9,500-11,000 FF
08. 11,000-12,500 FF
09. 12,500-14,000 FF
10. 14,000-16,000 FF
11. 16,000-18,000 FF
12. 18,000-20,000 FF
13. 20,000-22,000 FF
14. 22,000-25,.000 FF
15. 25,000 francs and over
98. N.A.
2. Great Britain (annual family income) 1990
01. under 2,600 pounds
02. 2,600-3,499 pounds
03. 3,500-5,499 pounds
04. 5,500-7,999 pounds
05. 8,000-10,499 pounds
06. 10,500-12,999 pounds
07. 13,000-14,999 pounds
08. 15,000-17,999 pounds
09. 18,000-21,999 pounds
10. 22,000 pounds or more
3. West Germany 1990
01. Below 2,000 DM per month
02. 2,000- 3,000 DM
03. 3,000- 4,000 DM
04. 4,000- 4,500 DM
05. 4,500- 5,000 DM
06. 5,000- 5,500 DM
07. 5,500- 6,000 DM
08. 6,000- 7,000 DM
09. 7,000- 8,000 DM
10. 8,000 DM and over
4. Italy (annual) 1990
01. Less than 6 million lire per year
02. 6-12 million lire
03. 13-24 million
04. 25-36 million
05. 37-50 million
06. 51-75 million
07. 76-100 million
08. 101-150 million
09. 151-300 million
10. More than 300 million lire per year
98. N.A.
5. Netherlands 1990
01 Less than 17,800 Guilders per year
02 17,801-24,900 Guilders
03 24,901-31,400
04 31,401-37,900
05 37,901-43,900
06 43,901-50,400
07 50,401-58,100
08 58,101-68,400
09 68,401-86,300
10 More than 86,300 Guilders per year
6. Denmark 1990: categories not available
7. Belgium 1990
01 25,000-29,999 Belgian francs per year
02 30,000-34,999 francs
03 35,000-39,999 francs
04 40,000-49,999 francs
05 50,000-59,999 francs
06 60,000-69,999 francs
07 70,000-79,999 francs
08 80,000-99,999 francs
09 100,000-119,999 francs
10 120,000 francs per year and over
99 N.A.
8. Spain 1990 (DATA survey)
01 Under 40,000 Pesetas per month
02 40,000-49,999 Pesetas
03 50,000-69,999 Pesetas
04 70,000-89,999 Pesetas
05 90,000-119,999 Pesetas
06 120,000-149,999 Pesetas
07 150,000-199,999 Pesetas
08 200,000-249,999 Pesetas
09 250,000-299,999 Pesetas
10 300,000 Pesetas and over
8. Spain 1990 (ASEP survey)
1. Below 45,000 Pesetas
2. 45,000 - 75,000
3. 75,000 - 100,000
4. 100,000 - 150,000
5. 150,000 - 200,000
6. 200,000 - 250,000
7. 250,000 - 300,000
8. 300,000 - 350,000
9. 350,000 - 450,000
10. More than 450,000 Pesetas
98. N.A.
9. and 10. Republic of Ireland, and Northern Ireland 1990:
categories not available
11. U.S.A 1990
01. Under $15,000 per year
02. $15,000-$19,999
03. $20,000-29,999
04. $30,000-$39,999
05. $40,000 and over per year
12. Canada 1990
01. Under $15,000 per year
02. $15,000-$19,999
03. $20,000-29,999
04. $30,000-$39,999
05. $40,000 and over per year
13. Japan 1990
01 Under 2 million yen per year
02 2.00-2.99 million yen
03 3.00-3.99 million yen
04 4.00-4.99 million yen
05 5.00-5.99 million yen
06 6.00-6.99 million yen
07 7.00-7.99 million yen
08 8.00-8.99 million yen
09 9.00-9.99 million yen
10 More than 10 million yen per year
14. Mexico 1990
01. Less then 300,000 pesos per month
02. 300,000-600,000 pesos
03. 600,000-2,500,000 pesos
04. 2,500,000-7,500,000 pesos
05. over 7,500,000 pesos per month
15. South Africa 1990
01 6.000 Rand or more per month
02 4,000-5,999 Rand
03 2,500-3,999 Rand
04 2,000-2,999 Rand
05 1,200-1,999 Rand
06 700-1,199 Rand
07 400-699 Rand
08 399 Rand or less
16. Hungary 1990
01 Under 6,800 Forints per month
02 6,801-8,500 Ft
03 8,501-10,000 Ft
04 10,001-15,000 Ft
05 15,001-20,000 Ft
06 20,001-30,000 Ft
07 30,001-40,000 Ft
08 40,001-50,000 Ft
09 50,001-70,000 Ft
10 70,001 and over per month
18. Norway 1990
19. Sweden 1990
categories not available
21. Iceland 1990: not asked
23. Finland
1. Under 36,000 marks per year
2. 36,000-48,000
3. 48,000-60,000
4. 60,000-72,000
5. 72,000-84,000
6. 84,000-102,000
7. 102,000-120,000
8. 120,000-150,000
9. 150,000-200,000
10. Over 200,000 marks per year
24. S. Korea (annual) 1990
01 Below $1,000
04 $1,000-2,000
07 $2,000-3,000
10 $3,000+
25. Poland 1990
categories not available
26. Switzerland 1989
categories not avaiable
28. Brazil 1990
1 Below 34,000 Cruzeiros per month
2 34,001 to 68,000
3 68,001 to 136,000
4 136,001 to 238,000
5 238,001 to 340,000
6 340,001 to 442,000
7 442,001 to 578,000
8 578,001 to 714,000
9 714,001 to 850,000
10 850,000 to 1,020,000 Cruzeiros per month
99 No response/don't know
29. Nigeria:
categories not available. Data run from 1 (lowest) to 10 (highest).
30. Chile 1990
01 Below 18,000 Chilean pesos per month
02 18,001-26,000
03 26,001-33,000
04 33,001-53,000
05 53,001-65,000
06 65,001-80,000
07 80,001-100,000
08 100,001-135,000
09 135,001-250,000
10 More than 250,000 pesos per month
31. Belarus
01 Less than 50 rubles per month
02 51-75 rubles
03 76-100 rubles
04 101-125 rubles
05 126-150 rubles
06 151-200 rubles
07 201-300 rubles
08 301-400 rubles
09 401-500 rubles
10 500 or more rubles per month
98 No answer
32. India (annual) 1990
01 up to 12,000 rupees per year
02 12001-18,000
03 18001-24,000
04 24001-30,000
05 30001-36,000
06 36001-48,000
07 48001-60,000
08 60001-90,000
09 90001-120,000
10 over 120,000 rupees per year
98 No answer
33. Czechoslovakia 1990
01 1,000 Koruna (Kcs) per month
02 1,300 Kcs
03 1,600 Kcs
04 2,000 Kcs
05 2,500 Kcs
06 3,000 Kcs
07 3,500 Kcs
08 4,000 Kcs
09 4,500 Kcs
10 5,000 Kcs
11 5,500 Kcs
12 6,000 Kcs
13 6,500 Kcs
14 7,000 Kcs
15 8,000 Kcs
16 9,000 Kcs
17 10,000 Kcs
18 12,000 Kcs
19 14,000 Kcs
20 17,000 Kcs
21 20,000 Kcs
22 30,000 Kcs
23 50,000 Kcs
24 50,000 Koruna or more per month
34. East Germany
01. Under 1,000 Marks per month
02. 1,000-1,299 Marks
03. 1,300-1,599
04. 1,600-1,799
05. 1,800-1,999
06. 2,000-2,199
07. 2,200-2,499
08. 2,500-2,799
09. 2,800-3,199
10. 3,200 Marks or more per month
35. Slovenia:
categories not available. Data run from 1 (lowest) to 10 (highest).
36. Bulgaria 1990:
categories not available. Data run from 1 (lowest) to 10 (highest).
37. Romania
The Romanian survey used a subjective income rating scale, on which each
respondent was asked to place his/her family income on a scale ranging from
1="a much lower level" ("Nivel foarte scazut") than that of the Romanian
population as a whole, to 10="a much higher level" ("Nivel foarte ridicat")
in comparison with that of the Romanian population as a whole.
39. China:
categories not available. Data run from 1 (lowest) to 10 (highest).
41. Portugal 1990
01 Less than 25,000 Escudo (Esc) per month
02 25,000-50,000 Esc
03 50,000-75,000 Esc
04 75,000-100,000 Esc
05 100,000-125,000 Esc
06 125,000-150,000 Esc
07 150,000-175,000 Esc
08 175,000-200,000 Esc
09 200,000-225,000 Esc
10 225,000 or more Escudo per month
42. Austria 1990
01 Less than 5,999 Schillings (OS) per month
02 6,000-9,999 OS
03 10,000-13,999 OS
04 14,000-17,999 OS
05 18,000-21,999 OS
06 22,000-25,999 OS
07 26,000-29,999 OS
08 30,000-33,999 OS
09 34,000-37,999 OS
10 38,000 Schillings or more per month
44. Turkey (monthly) 1990
01 Less than 100,000 lira per month
02 101-200,000
03 201-500,000
04 501-1,000,000
05 1,000,001-2,000,000
06 2,000,001-5,000,000
07 5,000,001-7,500,000
08 7,500,001-10,000,000
09 10,000,001-15,000,000
10 More than 15,000,000 lira per month
45. Greater Moscow Region 1990
01 Less than 50 rubles per month
02 51-75 rubles
03 76-100 rubles
04 101-125 rubles
05 126-150 rubles
06 151-200 rubles
07 201-300 rubles
08 301-400 rubles
09 401-500 rubles
10 500 or more rubles per month
98 No answer
46. Lithuania
47. Latvia
48. Estonia
All three of the Baltic States used the following income
categories in 1990 (they were still part of the Soviet Union):
01 Less than 50 Rubles
02 51-70 Rubles
03 71-100 Rubles
04 101-150 Rubles
05 151-200 Rubles
06 201-300 Rubles
07 301-500 Rubles
08 501-800 Rubles
09 801-1000 Rubles
10 More than 1000 Rubles per month
50. Russian Republic 1991
01 10-40 rubles per month
02 41-70 rubles
03 71-100 rubles
04 101-130 rubles
05 131-160 rubles
06 161-190 rubles
07 191-220 rubles
08 221-250 rubles
09 251-300 rubles
10 301 and more rubles per month
1981 surveys: documentation not available, except for the
following countries:
56. Denmark 1981
1 under 60,000 Crowns per year
2 60,000-79,999 Crowns
3 80,000-99,999 Crowns
4 100,000-124,999 Crowns
5 125,000-149,999 Crowns
6 150,000-199,999 Crowns
7 200,000 - 249,999 Crowns
8 250,000 Crowns and over
62. Canada 1981
01 under $ 6,000 per year (in Canadian dollars)
02 $ 6,000-7,999
03 $ 8,000-9,999
04 $ 10,000-12,999
05 $ 13,000-14,999
06 $ 15,000-19,999
07 $ 20,000-29,999
08 $ 30,000 and over
99 Refused, N.A.
V 364 Socioeconomic Status
Unless otherwise indicated, the following codes were used:
1 AB Upper, upper-middle class
2 C1 Middle, non-manual workers
3 C2 Manual workers - skilled, semi-skilled
4 DE Manual workers - unskilled, unemployed
28. Brazil
added the following code:
05. Class E (impoverished, unemployed)
42. Austria
five codes, breaking the lowest category into two sub-categories identified
only as "D-stratum" (code 5) and "E- stratum" (code 6).
V368 Size of Community
In the 1990 surveys, the U.S. and other countries unless
otherwise noted used the following categories:
01 Under 2,000 inhabitants
02 2,000- 5,000
03 5,000- 10,000
04 10,000- 20,000
05 20,000- 50,000
06 50,000-100,000
07 100,000-500,000
08 500,000 and over
EXCEPTIONS:
1. France 1990:
added the following code
09 Greater Paris
12. Canada 1990
01 Over 500,000
02 100,000-500,000
03 30,000-100,000
04 10,000- 30,000
05 1,000- 10,000
06 Under 1,000 (Rural non-farm, Farm)
13. Japan 1990
01 12 largest cities
02 150,000 and more (cities)
03 50,000-149,000 (cities)
04 Cities with under 50,000
05 Towns and villages
19. Sweden 1990
01 Rural areas and villages
02 200-2,000 inhabitants
03 2,000-5,000 inhabitants
04 5,000-10,000 inhabitants
05 10,000-20,000 inhabitants
06 20,000-50,000 inhabitants
07 50,000-100,000 inhabitants
08 100,000 and above
24. South Korea
1. under 20,000 inhabitants
2. 20,000 - 199,999 inhabitants
3. 200,000 - 1,999,999
4. 2,000,000 - 4,999,999
5. Over 5,000,000 inhabitants (Seoul)
26. Switzerland
Actual size of town was not ascertained. Instead, the size of
the respondent's town was categorized as "rural," "small/medium"
and "large town." These were recoded here as "1," "5," and "7"
respectively.
28. Brazil 1990
02 Under 5,000 inhabitants
03 5,000- 10,000
04 10,000- 20,000
05 20,000- 50,000
06 50,000-100,000
07 100,000-500,000
08 500,000 and over
33. Czechoslovakia 1990
02 Under 5,000 inhabitants
03 5-20,000
05 20-100,000
07 more than 100,000 inhabitants
35. Slovenia 1992
01 under 500 inhabitants
02 500-2,000
03 2,000-5,000
04 5,000-10,000
05 10,000-20,000
06 20,000-50,000
07 50,000-100,000
08 100,000 and above
42. Austria 1990
01 Under 1,000 inhabitants
02 Up to 2,000
03 2,000 - 3,000
04 3,000-5,000
05 5,000-10,000
06 10,000-20,000
07 20,000-50,000
08 50,000 to 1 Million and over
In the 1981 surveys, this variable reflected the SUBJECTIVE size
of one's town. All countries used the following categories:
01 Rural area or village
02 Small or middle sized town
03 Big town
V369 Racial/ethnic background:
Unless otherwise specified, all countries used the following
codes:
01 Caucasian/white
02 Negro (Black)
03 South Asian (Indian, Pakistani, etc.)
04 East Asian (Chinese, Japanese, etc.)
05 Arabic
06 Other
00 N.A.
EXCEPTIONS:
11. U.S.A. 1990 added one code to the above list:
07 Hispanic
14. Mexico 1990
01 White
02 Black
03 Medium brown skin (moreno)
04 Yellow skinned (amarillo)
05 Light brown skin (moreno claro)
07 Indian
08 Dark brown skin (moreno obscuro)
15. South Africa 1990
01. White
02. Black
03. Asian
04. Colored (mixed white and Black)
29. Nigeria
1. White
2. Black
6. Other (Hausa/Fulani/Arabic)
30. Chile
As indicated above, plus:
6. Other (Indian)
35. Slovenia 1992
1. Slovenes
2. Croats
3. Serbs
4. Muslims
9. Others
36. Bulgaria
1. Bulgarian
2. Turkish
3. Gypsy
4. Other
39. China 1990
01 Han nationality
02 Zhuang nationality
03 Hui nationality
04 Uygur nationality
05 Miao nationality
06 Manchu nationality
07 Other
46-47-48. Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia all used the following
categories:
1. Estonian
2. Latvian
3. Lithuanian
4. Russian
5. Ukranian
6. Belarussian
7. Polish
8. Jewish
9. Other
61. United States, 1981
1. White
2. Black or Hispanic (NOTE: these groups are oversampled and
must be weighted to obtain a representative sample).
62. Canada, 1981
1. British ethnic origin
2. French
3. German
4. Italian
5. Polish
6. Other
9. Don't know
65. South Africa, 1981
1. White
2. Black
3. Asian
4. Colored (mixed white and Black)
NOTE: The sample must be weighted to represent these groups in
proportion to the population.
V370 Region Codes
1. France 1990
01 Ile de France
02 North
03 East
04 Paris Basin, East
05 Paris Basin, West
06 West
07 South West
08 South East
09 Mediterranean
2. Britain 1990
01 North
02 North East
03 North West
04 East Midlands
05 West Midlands
06 East Anglia
07 Home Counties/Kent/Sussex
08 South
09 South West
10 Wales
11 London
12 Scotland
3. West Germany 1990
01 Schleswig-Holstein
02 Hamburg
03 Bremen
04 Lower Saxony
05 North Rhine-Westphalia
06 Hesse
07 Rhineland-Pfalz
08 Bavaria
09 North Wuerttemberg, North Baden
10 South Wuerttenberg, South Baden
11 Saarland
12 West Berlin
4. Italy 1990
01 Piedmont
02 Valle d'Aosta
03 Lombardy
04 Trentino-Alto Adige
05 Veneto
06 Friuli-Venezia Giulia
07 Liguria
08 Emilia-Romagna
09 Toscana
10 Umbria
11 Marche
12 Lazio
13 Abruzzo
14 Molise
15 Campania
16 Puglia
17 Basilicata
18 Calabria
19 Sicily
20 Sardinia
5. Netherlands 1990
01 North Holland
02 South Holland
03 Utrecht
04 Zealand
05 North Brabant
06 Limburg
07 Gelderland
08 Overijssel
09 Flevoland
10 Friesland
11 Drente
12 Groningen
98 Missing
6. Denmark 1990: not ascertained
7. Belgium 1990
01 Antwerp
02 Dutch-speaking Brabant
03 Brussels
04 West Flanders
05 East Flanders
06 Limburg
07 French-speaking Brabant
08 Hainaut
09 Namur
10 Luxembourg
11 Liege
12 German-speaking
8. Spain (DATA) 1990
01 Andalucia
02 Aragon
03 Asturias
04 Baleares
05 Canary Islands
06 Cantabria
07 Castille-La Mancha
08 Castille-Leon
09 Catalonia
10 Comunidad Valenciana
11 Extremadura
12 Galicia
13 Madrid region
14 Murcia
15 Navarre
16 Basque country
17 Rioja
9. Ireland 1990
01 Dublin City
02 Dublin Co.
03 Kildare
04 Meath
05 Wicklow
06 Cavan
07 Louth
08 Monaghan
09 Donegal
10 Leitrim
11 Sligo
12 Laois
13 Longford
14 Offaly
15 Roscommon
16 Westmeath
17 Galway
19 Mayo
20 Clare
21 Limerick City
22 Limerick Co.
23 Tipperary North
24 Cork City
25 Cork County
26 Kerry
27 Carlow
28 Kilkenny
29 Tipperary South
30 Waterford City
31 Waterford County
32 Wexford
10. Northern Ireland 1990: N.A. (all interviews coded "40")
11. U.S.A. 1990
01 New England
02 Middle Atlantic states
03 South Atlantic
04 East South Central
05 West South Central
06 East North Central
07 West North Central
08 Rocky Mountain states
09 Northwest
10 California
12. Canada 1990
01 Prince Edward Island
02 Nova Scotia
03 New Brunswick
04 Quebec
05 Ontario
06 Manitoba
07 Saskatchewan
08 Alberta
09 British Columbia
10 Newfoundland
13. Japan 1990
01 Hokkaido/Tohoku
02 Kanto
03 Chubu/Hokuriku
04 Kinki
05 Chugoku/Shikoku/Kyushu
14. Mexico 1990
01 North
02 Center
03 South
04 Metropolitan Mexico City
15. South Africa 1990
00 Vaal
01 Johannesburg
02 Reaf/Vaal
03 Pretoria
04 Rest of Transvaal
05 Durban
06 Rest of Natal
07 East London
09 Cape Town
10 Kimberly
11 Rest of Cape Providence
12 Bloemfontein
13 Rest of Orange Free State
16. Hungary 1990: not ascertained
18. Norway 1990: not ascertained
19. Sweden 1990: not ascertained
22. Argentina: categories not available; data run from code 1
to code 6.
23. Finland 1990: not ascertained
24. South Korea 1990
01 Seoul
02 Kyowygi Do
03 Kangwon Do
04 Chungchong Do
05 Chunra Do
06 Kyowy Sang Do
25. Poland 1990
01 Warsaw
02 Bialskopodlaskie
03 Bialostockie
04 Bielskie
05 Bydgoskie
06 Chelmskie
07 Ciechanowskie
08 Czestochowskie
09 Elblaskie
10 Gdanskie
11 Gorzowskie
12 Jeleniogorskie
13 Kaliskie
14 Katowickie
15 Kieleckie
16 Koninskie
17 Koszalinskie
18 Krakowskie
19 Krosnienskie
20 Legnickie
21 Leszczynskie
22 Lubelskie
23 Lomzynskie
24 Lodzkie
25 Nowosadeckie
26 Olsztynskie
27 Opolskie
28 Ostroleckie
29 Pilskie
30 Piotrkowskie
31 Plockie
32 Poznanskie
33 Przemyskie
34 Radomskie
35 Rzeszowskie
36 Ciedlockie
37 Sieradzkie
38 Skierniewickie
39 Slupskie
40 Suwalskie
41 Szczecinskie
42 Tamobrzeskie
43 Tamowskie
44 Torunskie
45 Walbrzyskie
46 Wioclawskie
47 Wroclawskie
48 Zamojskie
49 Zielenogorskie
26. Switzerland: not ascertained
28. Brazil
11. North
12. Northwest
13. Center-West
14. Southeast
15. South
The Brazilian data also have the following undocumented codes:
21-25,31-33,44-45,52-55,62-65,92-94.
29. Nigeria 1990
01 Lagos
02 Jos
03 Kano
04 Zaria
05 Owerri
06 Ilorin
07 Minna
08 Maduguri
09 Ibadan
10 Benin
11 Enuou
12 Makurdi
13 Kaduna
14 Abeo Kute
15 Akure
16 Port Harcourt
17 Uyo
30. Chile 1990
01 First Region
02 Second Region
03 Third Region
04 Fourth Region
05 Fifth Region
06 Sixth Region
07 Seventh Region
08 Eighth Region
09 Ninth Region
10 Tenth Region
13 Santiago Metropolitan Region
31. Belarus 1990: not ascertained
32. India 1990
Eastern Region
01 Bihar
02 Orissa
03 West Bengal
Western Region
04 Gujarat
05 Maharashtra
Northern Region
06 Rajasthan
07 Uttar Pradesh
08 Chandigarh
09 Delhi
Central Region
10 Madhya Pradesh
Southern Region
11 Andhra Pradesh
12 Karnataka
13 Kerala
14 Tamil Nadu
33. Czechoslovakia 1990
01 Prague
02 Middle-Czech region
03 South-Czech
04 West-Czech
05 North-Czech
06 East-Czech
07 South-Moravia
08 North-Moravia
09 Bratislava
10 West-Slovakia
11 Middle-Slovakia
12 East-Slovakia
34. East Germany: not ascertained.
35. Slovenia 1992: not ascertained
36. Bulgaria 1990: documentation not available
37. Romania 1993
01 Bucharest
02 Mutenia
03 Moldova
04 Transylvania
05 Oltenia
06 Banat
07 Crisana-Maramures
08 Dobrogia
39. China 1990
01 Beijing
06 Liaoning
07 Jilin
09 Shanghai
10 Jiangsu
13 Fujian
14 Jiangxi
17 Hubei
23 Guizhou
26 Shanxi
30 Xinjiang
41. Portugal 1990
01 North Littoral
02 North Interior
03 Greater Porto
04 Central Littoral
05 Tejo valley
06 Greater Lisbon
07 South Interior
08 Algarve
09 Madeira
10 Azore Islands
42. Austria 1990
01 Vienna
02 Lower Austria
03 Burgenland
04 Steiermark
05 Carinthia and East Tirol
06 Upper Austria
07 Salzburg
08 Tirol
09 Vorarlberg
44. Turkey 1990: categories not available.
45. Greater Moscow Region 1990: not ascertained
46. Lithuania: not ascertained
47. Latvia: not ascertained
48. Estonia: not ascertained
50. Russia 1991: not ascertained
53. Germany 1981
0 Schleswig Holstein, Hamburg, Breman
1 Lower Saxony
2 Northrhine- Westphalia
3 Hesse
4 Rhineland-Pfalz
5 Bavaria
6 Baden-Wuerttemberg
7 Saarland
9 West-Berlin
55. Netherlands 1981
1 Groningen
2 Friesland
3 Drente
4 Overijssel
5 Gelderland
6 Utrecht
7 North Holland
8 South Holland
9 Zealand
10 North Brabant
11 Limburg
V371 Citizenship
(coded for Canada only)
1. Canadian
2. Immigrant
3. Visitor
V372 Urban/Rural
(coded for Canada, Nigeria, India and Romania only)
1. Farm
2. Rural
3. Urban
V373 Language of Interview
NOTE: In 1990, two surveys were carried out in Spain. For Spain
only, code "5" on this variable indicates the DATA survey, and
code "0" distinguishes the ASEP survey.
The language spoken by the respondent is coded for Canada, India,
Switzerland and the Baltic countries only, using the following
codes:
12. Canada 1990
01 English
02 French
26. Switzerland
02 French
03 German
04 Italian
05 Romansch
06 Other
32. India 1990
01 Bengali
02 English
03 Gujarati
04 Hindi
05 Kannada
06 Malyalam
07 Marathi
08 Oriya
09 Tamil
10 Telugu
46. Lithuania
10. Lithuanian
11. Russian
47. Latvia
14. Latvian
15. Russian
48. Estonia
12. Estonian
13. Russian
V375 Educational Level
Available only for the Nordic countries, South Africa, South
Korea, Poland, Switzerland, Brazil, India, Austria, Turkey and
the Baltic countries.
6. Denmark 1990
01 Now in school
02 7th grade or less
03 8th grade and middle school wihout certificate
04 9th grade with state certificate
05 Technical preparation exam
06 10th grade with state test, or junior high school with exam
07 Extended technical exam
08 first year of high school
09 second year of high school
10 third year of high school with exam
11 high school with final exam
12 Higher education (non-university) with exam
13 Preliminary exam
14 University without exam
15 University
16 Other (including foreign study)
15. South Africa 1990
01 None
02 Some primary school
03 Primary school completed
04 Some high school
05 High school completed
06 Some university
07 University completed
08 Post Graduate studies
18. Norway 1990
00 No education or less than primary education
01 Compulsory education at primary level only
02 Second level education, 1st stage
03 Second level education, 2nd stage (10th grade)
04 Second level, 2nd stage (11th or 12th grade)
05 University level I (13-14th years of education)
06 University level II (15th-16th years)
07 University level III (17th-18th years)
08 Highest (dissertation) level
09 No answer
19. Sweden 1990
01 Primary school
02 Middle School
03 Secondary school (Folkhoegskola)
04 Some Gymnasium
05 Completed Gymnasium
06 University or other Higher education
23. Finland 1990: categories not available; codes run from 0
through 7.
24. South Korea 1990
01 Primary school
02 Middle school
03 High school
04 2 years college
05 College (4 years)
06 Graduate school
25. Poland 1990
01 Some primary
02 Complete primary
03 Vocational
04 Some high school
05 High school grad
06 Some university
07 University grad
26. Switzerland 1990
1. Never went to school
2. Incomplete primary school
3. Primary school (up to 12 years of age)
4. Apprenticeship
5. Lower secondary school (up to 16 years of age)
6. Secondary school without diploma (16-19 years)
7. Technical school
8. Secondary school with diploma
9. University or Federal Polytechnical School without degree
0. University or Federal Polytechnical with degree
28. Brazil 1990
01 Illiterate/never went to school
02 Primary school
03 Secondary school
04 Higher education
29. Nigeria 1990
01 Illiterate
02 Elementary
03 Secondary
04 Intermediate
05 Higher
09 Not given
32. India 1990
01 Illiterate
02 Primary or less
03 Some secondary
04 Secondary completed or some university
05 University degree or more
42. Austria 1990
01 Some primary school (Volks or Hauptschule)
02 Primary school degree (Volks- or Hauptschule)
03 Some Middle or Trade School
04 Middle or Trade School Degree/Diploma
05 Some High School (Gymnasium without Abitur)
06 Abitur (High School Diploma) without College
07 Some College or Vocational/Technical College
08 University Degree
44. Turkey 1990
01 None
02 Dropped out of primary school
03 Primary school (five years)
04 Junior high school (three years)
05 Ordinary high school (three years)
06 Vocational (religious) high school (three years)
07 Vocational (other than religious) hs (three years)
08 College/university
09 High school student
10 College/university student
99 N.A.
46-47-48. Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia all used the following
codes:
1. Primary
2. Incomplete secondary
3. General secondary
4. Completed secondary (with certificate)
5. Specialized and technical training
6. Higher education